Thi thử VSTEP Đại học Ngân Hàng – Reading Test 7

READING PAPER 7
Time permitted: 60 minutes
Number of questions: 40

Directions: In this section you will read FOUR different passages. Each one is followed by 10 questions about it. For questions 1-40, you are to choose the best answer A, B, C or D, to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.

You have 60 minutes to answer all the questions, including the time to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.

PASSAGE 1 – Questions 1-10

Eddy is warm, charming and friendly. He laughs a lot. He seems at first like an average kindly grandfather. But 15 years ago, a virus attacked his brain and destroyed the part where memories are made. He can remember his childhood and being a sailor in the Navy, but cannot remember anything since 1960. As far as he knows, petrol is cheap and the moon landing never happened.

Since his illness, the only people he knows are the ones in the room with him. On a typical morning, he will get up and have breakfast, then go back to bed to listen to the radio. Often he will forget that he has eaten, so will get up and have breakfast again and return to bed. Sometimes he’ll have breakfast a third time.

Without a memory, he is trapped in the present, between a past he can’t remember and a future he can’t imagine. He lives a quiet life and doesn’t even know that he has a memory problem. ‘He’s happy all the time,’ says his daughter Carol, who lives nearby. I guess it’s because he doesn’t have any stress in his life.

For Anna, in contrast, the past is always there. ‘My memory flows like a movie’, she says. She remembers who called her on the phone at 12.34 on Sunday August 3, 1986. She remembers that on March 28 1992, she had lunch with her father at the Beverly Hills Hotel. She remembers what they ate, every word of the conversation. She remembers great world events and shopping trips. She remembers the weather. Every day is there, every detail.

Anna believes it is something that happens to her naturally, but it is not an ability she welcomes. ‘I remember the good things, which is nice. But I also remember the bad things, every bad choice. Ten years later, I still get angry with myself for making the wrong decisions. I don’t forgive myself for a lot of things. I would love for just five minutes to be a simple person and not have all this stuff in my head. Most people call it a gift. But I call it a burden.’

Scientists are unsure why Anna’s memory is so extraordinary, but both of these cases demonstrate the importance of memory. Eddy's case shows us how essential memory is for us to function; but Anna's shows that if our memories are to function properly, we also need to be able to forget.

READING PAPER 7
Time permitted: 60 minutes
Number of questions: 40

Directions: In this section you will read FOUR different passages. Each one is followed by 10 questions about it. For questions 1-40, you are to choose the best answer A, B, C or D, to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.

You have 60 minutes to answer all the questions, including the time to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.

PASSAGE 1 – Questions 1-10

Eddy is warm, charming and friendly. He laughs a lot. He seems at first like an average kindly grandfather. But 15 years ago, a virus attacked his brain and destroyed the part where memories are made. He can remember his childhood and being a sailor in the Navy, but cannot remember anything since 1960. As far as he knows, petrol is cheap and the moon landing never happened.

Since his illness, the only people he knows are the ones in the room with him. On a typical morning, he will get up and have breakfast, then go back to bed to listen to the radio. Often he will forget that he has eaten, so will get up and have breakfast again and return to bed. Sometimes he’ll have breakfast a third time.

Without a memory, he is trapped in the present, between a past he can’t remember and a future he can’t imagine. He lives a quiet life and doesn’t even know that he has a memory problem. ‘He’s happy all the time,’ says his daughter Carol, who lives nearby. I guess it’s because he doesn’t have any stress in his life.

For Anna, in contrast, the past is always there. ‘My memory flows like a movie’, she says. She remembers who called her on the phone at 12.34 on Sunday August 3, 1986. She remembers that on March 28 1992, she had lunch with her father at the Beverly Hills Hotel. She remembers what they ate, every word of the conversation. She remembers great world events and shopping trips. She remembers the weather. Every day is there, every detail.

Anna believes it is something that happens to her naturally, but it is not an ability she welcomes. ‘I remember the good things, which is nice. But I also remember the bad things, every bad choice. Ten years later, I still get angry with myself for making the wrong decisions. I don’t forgive myself for a lot of things. I would love for just five minutes to be a simple person and not have all this stuff in my head. Most people call it a gift. But I call it a burden.’

Scientists are unsure why Anna’s memory is so extraordinary, but both of these cases demonstrate the importance of memory. Eddy's case shows us how essential memory is for us to function; but Anna's shows that if our memories are to function properly, we also need to be able to forget.

READING PAPER 7
Time permitted: 60 minutes
Number of questions: 40

Directions: In this section you will read FOUR different passages. Each one is followed by 10 questions about it. For questions 1-40, you are to choose the best answer A, B, C or D, to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.

You have 60 minutes to answer all the questions, including the time to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.

PASSAGE 1 – Questions 1-10

Eddy is warm, charming and friendly. He laughs a lot. He seems at first like an average kindly grandfather. But 15 years ago, a virus attacked his brain and destroyed the part where memories are made. He can remember his childhood and being a sailor in the Navy, but cannot remember anything since 1960. As far as he knows, petrol is cheap and the moon landing never happened.

Since his illness, the only people he knows are the ones in the room with him. On a typical morning, he will get up and have breakfast, then go back to bed to listen to the radio. Often he will forget that he has eaten, so will get up and have breakfast again and return to bed. Sometimes he’ll have breakfast a third time.

Without a memory, he is trapped in the present, between a past he can’t remember and a future he can’t imagine. He lives a quiet life and doesn’t even know that he has a memory problem. ‘He’s happy all the time,’ says his daughter Carol, who lives nearby. I guess it’s because he doesn’t have any stress in his life.

For Anna, in contrast, the past is always there. ‘My memory flows like a movie’, she says. She remembers who called her on the phone at 12.34 on Sunday August 3, 1986. She remembers that on March 28 1992, she had lunch with her father at the Beverly Hills Hotel. She remembers what they ate, every word of the conversation. She remembers great world events and shopping trips. She remembers the weather. Every day is there, every detail.

Anna believes it is something that happens to her naturally, but it is not an ability she welcomes. ‘I remember the good things, which is nice. But I also remember the bad things, every bad choice. Ten years later, I still get angry with myself for making the wrong decisions. I don’t forgive myself for a lot of things. I would love for just five minutes to be a simple person and not have all this stuff in my head. Most people call it a gift. But I call it a burden.’

Scientists are unsure why Anna’s memory is so extraordinary, but both of these cases demonstrate the importance of memory. Eddy's case shows us how essential memory is for us to function; but Anna's shows that if our memories are to function properly, we also need to be able to forget.

READING PAPER 7
Time permitted: 60 minutes
Number of questions: 40

Directions: In this section you will read FOUR different passages. Each one is followed by 10 questions about it. For questions 1-40, you are to choose the best answer A, B, C or D, to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.

You have 60 minutes to answer all the questions, including the time to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.

PASSAGE 1 – Questions 1-10

Eddy is warm, charming and friendly. He laughs a lot. He seems at first like an average kindly grandfather. But 15 years ago, a virus attacked his brain and destroyed the part where memories are made. He can remember his childhood and being a sailor in the Navy, but cannot remember anything since 1960. As far as he knows, petrol is cheap and the moon landing never happened.

Since his illness, the only people he knows are the ones in the room with him. On a typical morning, he will get up and have breakfast, then go back to bed to listen to the radio. Often he will forget that he has eaten, so will get up and have breakfast again and return to bed. Sometimes he’ll have breakfast a third time.

Without a memory, he is trapped in the present, between a past he can’t remember and a future he can’t imagine. He lives a quiet life and doesn’t even know that he has a memory problem. ‘He’s happy all the time,’ says his daughter Carol, who lives nearby. I guess it’s because he doesn’t have any stress in his life.

For Anna, in contrast, the past is always there. ‘My memory flows like a movie’, she says. She remembers who called her on the phone at 12.34 on Sunday August 3, 1986. She remembers that on March 28 1992, she had lunch with her father at the Beverly Hills Hotel. She remembers what they ate, every word of the conversation. She remembers great world events and shopping trips. She remembers the weather. Every day is there, every detail.

Anna believes it is something that happens to her naturally, but it is not an ability she welcomes. ‘I remember the good things, which is nice. But I also remember the bad things, every bad choice. Ten years later, I still get angry with myself for making the wrong decisions. I don’t forgive myself for a lot of things. I would love for just five minutes to be a simple person and not have all this stuff in my head. Most people call it a gift. But I call it a burden.’

Scientists are unsure why Anna’s memory is so extraordinary, but both of these cases demonstrate the importance of memory. Eddy's case shows us how essential memory is for us to function; but Anna's shows that if our memories are to function properly, we also need to be able to forget.

READING PAPER 7
Time permitted: 60 minutes
Number of questions: 40

Directions: In this section you will read FOUR different passages. Each one is followed by 10 questions about it. For questions 1-40, you are to choose the best answer A, B, C or D, to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.

You have 60 minutes to answer all the questions, including the time to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.

PASSAGE 1 – Questions 1-10

Eddy is warm, charming and friendly. He laughs a lot. He seems at first like an average kindly grandfather. But 15 years ago, a virus attacked his brain and destroyed the part where memories are made. He can remember his childhood and being a sailor in the Navy, but cannot remember anything since 1960. As far as he knows, petrol is cheap and the moon landing never happened.

Since his illness, the only people he knows are the ones in the room with him. On a typical morning, he will get up and have breakfast, then go back to bed to listen to the radio. Often he will forget that he has eaten, so will get up and have breakfast again and return to bed. Sometimes he’ll have breakfast a third time.

Without a memory, he is trapped in the present, between a past he can’t remember and a future he can’t imagine. He lives a quiet life and doesn’t even know that he has a memory problem. ‘He’s happy all the time,’ says his daughter Carol, who lives nearby. I guess it’s because he doesn’t have any stress in his life.

For Anna, in contrast, the past is always there. ‘My memory flows like a movie’, she says. She remembers who called her on the phone at 12.34 on Sunday August 3, 1986. She remembers that on March 28 1992, she had lunch with her father at the Beverly Hills Hotel. She remembers what they ate, every word of the conversation. She remembers great world events and shopping trips. She remembers the weather. Every day is there, every detail.

Anna believes it is something that happens to her naturally, but it is not an ability she welcomes. ‘I remember the good things, which is nice. But I also remember the bad things, every bad choice. Ten years later, I still get angry with myself for making the wrong decisions. I don’t forgive myself for a lot of things. I would love for just five minutes to be a simple person and not have all this stuff in my head. Most people call it a gift. But I call it a burden.’

Scientists are unsure why Anna’s memory is so extraordinary, but both of these cases demonstrate the importance of memory. Eddy's case shows us how essential memory is for us to function; but Anna's shows that if our memories are to function properly, we also need to be able to forget.

READING PAPER 7
Time permitted: 60 minutes
Number of questions: 40

Directions: In this section you will read FOUR different passages. Each one is followed by 10 questions about it. For questions 1-40, you are to choose the best answer A, B, C or D, to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.

You have 60 minutes to answer all the questions, including the time to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.

PASSAGE 1 – Questions 1-10

Eddy is warm, charming and friendly. He laughs a lot. He seems at first like an average kindly grandfather. But 15 years ago, a virus attacked his brain and destroyed the part where memories are made. He can remember his childhood and being a sailor in the Navy, but cannot remember anything since 1960. As far as he knows, petrol is cheap and the moon landing never happened.

Since his illness, the only people he knows are the ones in the room with him. On a typical morning, he will get up and have breakfast, then go back to bed to listen to the radio. Often he will forget that he has eaten, so will get up and have breakfast again and return to bed. Sometimes he’ll have breakfast a third time.

Without a memory, he is trapped in the present, between a past he can’t remember and a future he can’t imagine. He lives a quiet life and doesn’t even know that he has a memory problem. ‘He’s happy all the time,’ says his daughter Carol, who lives nearby. I guess it’s because he doesn’t have any stress in his life.

For Anna, in contrast, the past is always there. ‘My memory flows like a movie’, she says. She remembers who called her on the phone at 12.34 on Sunday August 3, 1986. She remembers that on March 28 1992, she had lunch with her father at the Beverly Hills Hotel. She remembers what they ate, every word of the conversation. She remembers great world events and shopping trips. She remembers the weather. Every day is there, every detail.

Anna believes it is something that happens to her naturally, but it is not an ability she welcomes. ‘I remember the good things, which is nice. But I also remember the bad things, every bad choice. Ten years later, I still get angry with myself for making the wrong decisions. I don’t forgive myself for a lot of things. I would love for just five minutes to be a simple person and not have all this stuff in my head. Most people call it a gift. But I call it a burden.’

Scientists are unsure why Anna’s memory is so extraordinary, but both of these cases demonstrate the importance of memory. Eddy's case shows us how essential memory is for us to function; but Anna's shows that if our memories are to function properly, we also need to be able to forget.

READING PAPER 7
Time permitted: 60 minutes
Number of questions: 40

Directions: In this section you will read FOUR different passages. Each one is followed by 10 questions about it. For questions 1-40, you are to choose the best answer A, B, C or D, to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.

You have 60 minutes to answer all the questions, including the time to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.

PASSAGE 1 – Questions 1-10

Eddy is warm, charming and friendly. He laughs a lot. He seems at first like an average kindly grandfather. But 15 years ago, a virus attacked his brain and destroyed the part where memories are made. He can remember his childhood and being a sailor in the Navy, but cannot remember anything since 1960. As far as he knows, petrol is cheap and the moon landing never happened.

Since his illness, the only people he knows are the ones in the room with him. On a typical morning, he will get up and have breakfast, then go back to bed to listen to the radio. Often he will forget that he has eaten, so will get up and have breakfast again and return to bed. Sometimes he’ll have breakfast a third time.

Without a memory, he is trapped in the present, between a past he can’t remember and a future he can’t imagine. He lives a quiet life and doesn’t even know that he has a memory problem. ‘He’s happy all the time,’ says his daughter Carol, who lives nearby. I guess it’s because he doesn’t have any stress in his life.

For Anna, in contrast, the past is always there. ‘My memory flows like a movie’, she says. She remembers who called her on the phone at 12.34 on Sunday August 3, 1986. She remembers that on March 28 1992, she had lunch with her father at the Beverly Hills Hotel. She remembers what they ate, every word of the conversation. She remembers great world events and shopping trips. She remembers the weather. Every day is there, every detail.

Anna believes it is something that happens to her naturally, but it is not an ability she welcomes. ‘I remember the good things, which is nice. But I also remember the bad things, every bad choice. Ten years later, I still get angry with myself for making the wrong decisions. I don’t forgive myself for a lot of things. I would love for just five minutes to be a simple person and not have all this stuff in my head. Most people call it a gift. But I call it a burden.’

Scientists are unsure why Anna’s memory is so extraordinary, but both of these cases demonstrate the importance of memory. Eddy's case shows us how essential memory is for us to function; but Anna's shows that if our memories are to function properly, we also need to be able to forget.

READING PAPER 7
Time permitted: 60 minutes
Number of questions: 40

Directions: In this section you will read FOUR different passages. Each one is followed by 10 questions about it. For questions 1-40, you are to choose the best answer A, B, C or D, to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.

You have 60 minutes to answer all the questions, including the time to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.

PASSAGE 1 – Questions 1-10

Eddy is warm, charming and friendly. He laughs a lot. He seems at first like an average kindly grandfather. But 15 years ago, a virus attacked his brain and destroyed the part where memories are made. He can remember his childhood and being a sailor in the Navy, but cannot remember anything since 1960. As far as he knows, petrol is cheap and the moon landing never happened.

Since his illness, the only people he knows are the ones in the room with him. On a typical morning, he will get up and have breakfast, then go back to bed to listen to the radio. Often he will forget that he has eaten, so will get up and have breakfast again and return to bed. Sometimes he’ll have breakfast a third time.

Without a memory, he is trapped in the present, between a past he can’t remember and a future he can’t imagine. He lives a quiet life and doesn’t even know that he has a memory problem. ‘He’s happy all the time,’ says his daughter Carol, who lives nearby. I guess it’s because he doesn’t have any stress in his life.

For Anna, in contrast, the past is always there. ‘My memory flows like a movie’, she says. She remembers who called her on the phone at 12.34 on Sunday August 3, 1986. She remembers that on March 28 1992, she had lunch with her father at the Beverly Hills Hotel. She remembers what they ate, every word of the conversation. She remembers great world events and shopping trips. She remembers the weather. Every day is there, every detail.

Anna believes it is something that happens to her naturally, but it is not an ability she welcomes. ‘I remember the good things, which is nice. But I also remember the bad things, every bad choice. Ten years later, I still get angry with myself for making the wrong decisions. I don’t forgive myself for a lot of things. I would love for just five minutes to be a simple person and not have all this stuff in my head. Most people call it a gift. But I call it a burden.’

Scientists are unsure why Anna’s memory is so extraordinary, but both of these cases demonstrate the importance of memory. Eddy's case shows us how essential memory is for us to function; but Anna's shows that if our memories are to function properly, we also need to be able to forget.

READING PAPER 7
Time permitted: 60 minutes
Number of questions: 40

Directions: In this section you will read FOUR different passages. Each one is followed by 10 questions about it. For questions 1-40, you are to choose the best answer A, B, C or D, to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.

You have 60 minutes to answer all the questions, including the time to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.

PASSAGE 1 – Questions 1-10

Eddy is warm, charming and friendly. He laughs a lot. He seems at first like an average kindly grandfather. But 15 years ago, a virus attacked his brain and destroyed the part where memories are made. He can remember his childhood and being a sailor in the Navy, but cannot remember anything since 1960. As far as he knows, petrol is cheap and the moon landing never happened.

Since his illness, the only people he knows are the ones in the room with him. On a typical morning, he will get up and have breakfast, then go back to bed to listen to the radio. Often he will forget that he has eaten, so will get up and have breakfast again and return to bed. Sometimes he’ll have breakfast a third time.

Without a memory, he is trapped in the present, between a past he can’t remember and a future he can’t imagine. He lives a quiet life and doesn’t even know that he has a memory problem. ‘He’s happy all the time,’ says his daughter Carol, who lives nearby. I guess it’s because he doesn’t have any stress in his life.

For Anna, in contrast, the past is always there. ‘My memory flows like a movie’, she says. She remembers who called her on the phone at 12.34 on Sunday August 3, 1986. She remembers that on March 28 1992, she had lunch with her father at the Beverly Hills Hotel. She remembers what they ate, every word of the conversation. She remembers great world events and shopping trips. She remembers the weather. Every day is there, every detail.

Anna believes it is something that happens to her naturally, but it is not an ability she welcomes. ‘I remember the good things, which is nice. But I also remember the bad things, every bad choice. Ten years later, I still get angry with myself for making the wrong decisions. I don’t forgive myself for a lot of things. I would love for just five minutes to be a simple person and not have all this stuff in my head. Most people call it a gift. But I call it a burden.’

Scientists are unsure why Anna’s memory is so extraordinary, but both of these cases demonstrate the importance of memory. Eddy's case shows us how essential memory is for us to function; but Anna's shows that if our memories are to function properly, we also need to be able to forget.

READING PAPER 7
Time permitted: 60 minutes
Number of questions: 40

Directions: In this section you will read FOUR different passages. Each one is followed by 10 questions about it. For questions 1-40, you are to choose the best answer A, B, C or D, to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.

You have 60 minutes to answer all the questions, including the time to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.

PASSAGE 1 – Questions 1-10

Eddy is warm, charming and friendly. He laughs a lot. He seems at first like an average kindly grandfather. But 15 years ago, a virus attacked his brain and destroyed the part where memories are made. He can remember his childhood and being a sailor in the Navy, but cannot remember anything since 1960. As far as he knows, petrol is cheap and the moon landing never happened.

Since his illness, the only people he knows are the ones in the room with him. On a typical morning, he will get up and have breakfast, then go back to bed to listen to the radio. Often he will forget that he has eaten, so will get up and have breakfast again and return to bed. Sometimes he’ll have breakfast a third time.

Without a memory, he is trapped in the present, between a past he can’t remember and a future he can’t imagine. He lives a quiet life and doesn’t even know that he has a memory problem. ‘He’s happy all the time,’ says his daughter Carol, who lives nearby. I guess it’s because he doesn’t have any stress in his life.

For Anna, in contrast, the past is always there. ‘My memory flows like a movie’, she says. She remembers who called her on the phone at 12.34 on Sunday August 3, 1986. She remembers that on March 28 1992, she had lunch with her father at the Beverly Hills Hotel. She remembers what they ate, every word of the conversation. She remembers great world events and shopping trips. She remembers the weather. Every day is there, every detail.

Anna believes it is something that happens to her naturally, but it is not an ability she welcomes. ‘I remember the good things, which is nice. But I also remember the bad things, every bad choice. Ten years later, I still get angry with myself for making the wrong decisions. I don’t forgive myself for a lot of things. I would love for just five minutes to be a simple person and not have all this stuff in my head. Most people call it a gift. But I call it a burden.’

Scientists are unsure why Anna’s memory is so extraordinary, but both of these cases demonstrate the importance of memory. Eddy's case shows us how essential memory is for us to function; but Anna's shows that if our memories are to function properly, we also need to be able to forget.

READING PAPER 7
Time permitted: 60 minutes
Number of questions: 40

Directions: In this section you will read FOUR different passages. Each one is followed by 10 questions about it. For questions 1-40, you are to choose the best answer A, B, C or D, to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.

You have 60 minutes to answer all the questions, including the time to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.

PASSAGE 1 – Questions 1-10

Eddy is warm, charming and friendly. He laughs a lot. He seems at first like an average kindly grandfather. But 15 years ago, a virus attacked his brain and destroyed the part where memories are made. He can remember his childhood and being a sailor in the Navy, but cannot remember anything since 1960. As far as he knows, petrol is cheap and the moon landing never happened.

Since his illness, the only people he knows are the ones in the room with him. On a typical morning, he will get up and have breakfast, then go back to bed to listen to the radio. Often he will forget that he has eaten, so will get up and have breakfast again and return to bed. Sometimes he’ll have breakfast a third time.

Without a memory, he is trapped in the present, between a past he can’t remember and a future he can’t imagine. He lives a quiet life and doesn’t even know that he has a memory problem. ‘He’s happy all the time,’ says his daughter Carol, who lives nearby. I guess it’s because he doesn’t have any stress in his life.

For Anna, in contrast, the past is always there. ‘My memory flows like a movie’, she says. She remembers who called her on the phone at 12.34 on Sunday August 3, 1986. She remembers that on March 28 1992, she had lunch with her father at the Beverly Hills Hotel. She remembers what they ate, every word of the conversation. She remembers great world events and shopping trips. She remembers the weather. Every day is there, every detail.

Anna believes it is something that happens to her naturally, but it is not an ability she welcomes. ‘I remember the good things, which is nice. But I also remember the bad things, every bad choice. Ten years later, I still get angry with myself for making the wrong decisions. I don’t forgive myself for a lot of things. I would love for just five minutes to be a simple person and not have all this stuff in my head. Most people call it a gift. But I call it a burden.’

Scientists are unsure why Anna’s memory is so extraordinary, but both of these cases demonstrate the importance of memory. Eddy's case shows us how essential memory is for us to function; but Anna's shows that if our memories are to function properly, we also need to be able to forget.

READING PAPER 7
Time permitted: 60 minutes
Number of questions: 40

Directions: In this section you will read FOUR different passages. Each one is followed by 10 questions about it. For questions 1-40, you are to choose the best answer A, B, C or D, to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.

You have 60 minutes to answer all the questions, including the time to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.

PASSAGE 1 – Questions 1-10

Eddy is warm, charming and friendly. He laughs a lot. He seems at first like an average kindly grandfather. But 15 years ago, a virus attacked his brain and destroyed the part where memories are made. He can remember his childhood and being a sailor in the Navy, but cannot remember anything since 1960. As far as he knows, petrol is cheap and the moon landing never happened.

Since his illness, the only people he knows are the ones in the room with him. On a typical morning, he will get up and have breakfast, then go back to bed to listen to the radio. Often he will forget that he has eaten, so will get up and have breakfast again and return to bed. Sometimes he’ll have breakfast a third time.

Without a memory, he is trapped in the present, between a past he can’t remember and a future he can’t imagine. He lives a quiet life and doesn’t even know that he has a memory problem. ‘He’s happy all the time,’ says his daughter Carol, who lives nearby. I guess it’s because he doesn’t have any stress in his life.

For Anna, in contrast, the past is always there. ‘My memory flows like a movie’, she says. She remembers who called her on the phone at 12.34 on Sunday August 3, 1986. She remembers that on March 28 1992, she had lunch with her father at the Beverly Hills Hotel. She remembers what they ate, every word of the conversation. She remembers great world events and shopping trips. She remembers the weather. Every day is there, every detail.

Anna believes it is something that happens to her naturally, but it is not an ability she welcomes. ‘I remember the good things, which is nice. But I also remember the bad things, every bad choice. Ten years later, I still get angry with myself for making the wrong decisions. I don’t forgive myself for a lot of things. I would love for just five minutes to be a simple person and not have all this stuff in my head. Most people call it a gift. But I call it a burden.’

Scientists are unsure why Anna’s memory is so extraordinary, but both of these cases demonstrate the importance of memory. Eddy's case shows us how essential memory is for us to function; but Anna's shows that if our memories are to function properly, we also need to be able to forget.

READING PAPER 7
Time permitted: 60 minutes
Number of questions: 40

Directions: In this section you will read FOUR different passages. Each one is followed by 10 questions about it. For questions 1-40, you are to choose the best answer A, B, C or D, to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.

You have 60 minutes to answer all the questions, including the time to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.

PASSAGE 1 – Questions 1-10

Eddy is warm, charming and friendly. He laughs a lot. He seems at first like an average kindly grandfather. But 15 years ago, a virus attacked his brain and destroyed the part where memories are made. He can remember his childhood and being a sailor in the Navy, but cannot remember anything since 1960. As far as he knows, petrol is cheap and the moon landing never happened.

Since his illness, the only people he knows are the ones in the room with him. On a typical morning, he will get up and have breakfast, then go back to bed to listen to the radio. Often he will forget that he has eaten, so will get up and have breakfast again and return to bed. Sometimes he’ll have breakfast a third time.

Without a memory, he is trapped in the present, between a past he can’t remember and a future he can’t imagine. He lives a quiet life and doesn’t even know that he has a memory problem. ‘He’s happy all the time,’ says his daughter Carol, who lives nearby. I guess it’s because he doesn’t have any stress in his life.

For Anna, in contrast, the past is always there. ‘My memory flows like a movie’, she says. She remembers who called her on the phone at 12.34 on Sunday August 3, 1986. She remembers that on March 28 1992, she had lunch with her father at the Beverly Hills Hotel. She remembers what they ate, every word of the conversation. She remembers great world events and shopping trips. She remembers the weather. Every day is there, every detail.

Anna believes it is something that happens to her naturally, but it is not an ability she welcomes. ‘I remember the good things, which is nice. But I also remember the bad things, every bad choice. Ten years later, I still get angry with myself for making the wrong decisions. I don’t forgive myself for a lot of things. I would love for just five minutes to be a simple person and not have all this stuff in my head. Most people call it a gift. But I call it a burden.’

Scientists are unsure why Anna’s memory is so extraordinary, but both of these cases demonstrate the importance of memory. Eddy's case shows us how essential memory is for us to function; but Anna's shows that if our memories are to function properly, we also need to be able to forget.

READING PAPER 7
Time permitted: 60 minutes
Number of questions: 40

Directions: In this section you will read FOUR different passages. Each one is followed by 10 questions about it. For questions 1-40, you are to choose the best answer A, B, C or D, to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.

You have 60 minutes to answer all the questions, including the time to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.

PASSAGE 1 – Questions 1-10

Eddy is warm, charming and friendly. He laughs a lot. He seems at first like an average kindly grandfather. But 15 years ago, a virus attacked his brain and destroyed the part where memories are made. He can remember his childhood and being a sailor in the Navy, but cannot remember anything since 1960. As far as he knows, petrol is cheap and the moon landing never happened.

Since his illness, the only people he knows are the ones in the room with him. On a typical morning, he will get up and have breakfast, then go back to bed to listen to the radio. Often he will forget that he has eaten, so will get up and have breakfast again and return to bed. Sometimes he’ll have breakfast a third time.

Without a memory, he is trapped in the present, between a past he can’t remember and a future he can’t imagine. He lives a quiet life and doesn’t even know that he has a memory problem. ‘He’s happy all the time,’ says his daughter Carol, who lives nearby. I guess it’s because he doesn’t have any stress in his life.

For Anna, in contrast, the past is always there. ‘My memory flows like a movie’, she says. She remembers who called her on the phone at 12.34 on Sunday August 3, 1986. She remembers that on March 28 1992, she had lunch with her father at the Beverly Hills Hotel. She remembers what they ate, every word of the conversation. She remembers great world events and shopping trips. She remembers the weather. Every day is there, every detail.

Anna believes it is something that happens to her naturally, but it is not an ability she welcomes. ‘I remember the good things, which is nice. But I also remember the bad things, every bad choice. Ten years later, I still get angry with myself for making the wrong decisions. I don’t forgive myself for a lot of things. I would love for just five minutes to be a simple person and not have all this stuff in my head. Most people call it a gift. But I call it a burden.’

Scientists are unsure why Anna’s memory is so extraordinary, but both of these cases demonstrate the importance of memory. Eddy's case shows us how essential memory is for us to function; but Anna's shows that if our memories are to function properly, we also need to be able to forget.

READING PAPER 7
Time permitted: 60 minutes
Number of questions: 40

Directions: In this section you will read FOUR different passages. Each one is followed by 10 questions about it. For questions 1-40, you are to choose the best answer A, B, C or D, to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.

You have 60 minutes to answer all the questions, including the time to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.

PASSAGE 1 – Questions 1-10

Eddy is warm, charming and friendly. He laughs a lot. He seems at first like an average kindly grandfather. But 15 years ago, a virus attacked his brain and destroyed the part where memories are made. He can remember his childhood and being a sailor in the Navy, but cannot remember anything since 1960. As far as he knows, petrol is cheap and the moon landing never happened.

Since his illness, the only people he knows are the ones in the room with him. On a typical morning, he will get up and have breakfast, then go back to bed to listen to the radio. Often he will forget that he has eaten, so will get up and have breakfast again and return to bed. Sometimes he’ll have breakfast a third time.

Without a memory, he is trapped in the present, between a past he can’t remember and a future he can’t imagine. He lives a quiet life and doesn’t even know that he has a memory problem. ‘He’s happy all the time,’ says his daughter Carol, who lives nearby. I guess it’s because he doesn’t have any stress in his life.

For Anna, in contrast, the past is always there. ‘My memory flows like a movie’, she says. She remembers who called her on the phone at 12.34 on Sunday August 3, 1986. She remembers that on March 28 1992, she had lunch with her father at the Beverly Hills Hotel. She remembers what they ate, every word of the conversation. She remembers great world events and shopping trips. She remembers the weather. Every day is there, every detail.

Anna believes it is something that happens to her naturally, but it is not an ability she welcomes. ‘I remember the good things, which is nice. But I also remember the bad things, every bad choice. Ten years later, I still get angry with myself for making the wrong decisions. I don’t forgive myself for a lot of things. I would love for just five minutes to be a simple person and not have all this stuff in my head. Most people call it a gift. But I call it a burden.’

Scientists are unsure why Anna’s memory is so extraordinary, but both of these cases demonstrate the importance of memory. Eddy's case shows us how essential memory is for us to function; but Anna's shows that if our memories are to function properly, we also need to be able to forget.

READING PAPER 7
Time permitted: 60 minutes
Number of questions: 40

Directions: In this section you will read FOUR different passages. Each one is followed by 10 questions about it. For questions 1-40, you are to choose the best answer A, B, C or D, to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.

You have 60 minutes to answer all the questions, including the time to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.

PASSAGE 1 – Questions 1-10

Eddy is warm, charming and friendly. He laughs a lot. He seems at first like an average kindly grandfather. But 15 years ago, a virus attacked his brain and destroyed the part where memories are made. He can remember his childhood and being a sailor in the Navy, but cannot remember anything since 1960. As far as he knows, petrol is cheap and the moon landing never happened.

Since his illness, the only people he knows are the ones in the room with him. On a typical morning, he will get up and have breakfast, then go back to bed to listen to the radio. Often he will forget that he has eaten, so will get up and have breakfast again and return to bed. Sometimes he’ll have breakfast a third time.

Without a memory, he is trapped in the present, between a past he can’t remember and a future he can’t imagine. He lives a quiet life and doesn’t even know that he has a memory problem. ‘He’s happy all the time,’ says his daughter Carol, who lives nearby. I guess it’s because he doesn’t have any stress in his life.

For Anna, in contrast, the past is always there. ‘My memory flows like a movie’, she says. She remembers who called her on the phone at 12.34 on Sunday August 3, 1986. She remembers that on March 28 1992, she had lunch with her father at the Beverly Hills Hotel. She remembers what they ate, every word of the conversation. She remembers great world events and shopping trips. She remembers the weather. Every day is there, every detail.

Anna believes it is something that happens to her naturally, but it is not an ability she welcomes. ‘I remember the good things, which is nice. But I also remember the bad things, every bad choice. Ten years later, I still get angry with myself for making the wrong decisions. I don’t forgive myself for a lot of things. I would love for just five minutes to be a simple person and not have all this stuff in my head. Most people call it a gift. But I call it a burden.’

Scientists are unsure why Anna’s memory is so extraordinary, but both of these cases demonstrate the importance of memory. Eddy's case shows us how essential memory is for us to function; but Anna's shows that if our memories are to function properly, we also need to be able to forget.

READING PAPER 7
Time permitted: 60 minutes
Number of questions: 40

Directions: In this section you will read FOUR different passages. Each one is followed by 10 questions about it. For questions 1-40, you are to choose the best answer A, B, C or D, to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.

You have 60 minutes to answer all the questions, including the time to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.

PASSAGE 1 – Questions 1-10

Eddy is warm, charming and friendly. He laughs a lot. He seems at first like an average kindly grandfather. But 15 years ago, a virus attacked his brain and destroyed the part where memories are made. He can remember his childhood and being a sailor in the Navy, but cannot remember anything since 1960. As far as he knows, petrol is cheap and the moon landing never happened.

Since his illness, the only people he knows are the ones in the room with him. On a typical morning, he will get up and have breakfast, then go back to bed to listen to the radio. Often he will forget that he has eaten, so will get up and have breakfast again and return to bed. Sometimes he’ll have breakfast a third time.

Without a memory, he is trapped in the present, between a past he can’t remember and a future he can’t imagine. He lives a quiet life and doesn’t even know that he has a memory problem. ‘He’s happy all the time,’ says his daughter Carol, who lives nearby. I guess it’s because he doesn’t have any stress in his life.

For Anna, in contrast, the past is always there. ‘My memory flows like a movie’, she says. She remembers who called her on the phone at 12.34 on Sunday August 3, 1986. She remembers that on March 28 1992, she had lunch with her father at the Beverly Hills Hotel. She remembers what they ate, every word of the conversation. She remembers great world events and shopping trips. She remembers the weather. Every day is there, every detail.

Anna believes it is something that happens to her naturally, but it is not an ability she welcomes. ‘I remember the good things, which is nice. But I also remember the bad things, every bad choice. Ten years later, I still get angry with myself for making the wrong decisions. I don’t forgive myself for a lot of things. I would love for just five minutes to be a simple person and not have all this stuff in my head. Most people call it a gift. But I call it a burden.’

Scientists are unsure why Anna’s memory is so extraordinary, but both of these cases demonstrate the importance of memory. Eddy's case shows us how essential memory is for us to function; but Anna's shows that if our memories are to function properly, we also need to be able to forget.

READING PAPER 7
Time permitted: 60 minutes
Number of questions: 40

Directions: In this section you will read FOUR different passages. Each one is followed by 10 questions about it. For questions 1-40, you are to choose the best answer A, B, C or D, to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.

You have 60 minutes to answer all the questions, including the time to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.

PASSAGE 1 – Questions 1-10

Eddy is warm, charming and friendly. He laughs a lot. He seems at first like an average kindly grandfather. But 15 years ago, a virus attacked his brain and destroyed the part where memories are made. He can remember his childhood and being a sailor in the Navy, but cannot remember anything since 1960. As far as he knows, petrol is cheap and the moon landing never happened.

Since his illness, the only people he knows are the ones in the room with him. On a typical morning, he will get up and have breakfast, then go back to bed to listen to the radio. Often he will forget that he has eaten, so will get up and have breakfast again and return to bed. Sometimes he’ll have breakfast a third time.

Without a memory, he is trapped in the present, between a past he can’t remember and a future he can’t imagine. He lives a quiet life and doesn’t even know that he has a memory problem. ‘He’s happy all the time,’ says his daughter Carol, who lives nearby. I guess it’s because he doesn’t have any stress in his life.

For Anna, in contrast, the past is always there. ‘My memory flows like a movie’, she says. She remembers who called her on the phone at 12.34 on Sunday August 3, 1986. She remembers that on March 28 1992, she had lunch with her father at the Beverly Hills Hotel. She remembers what they ate, every word of the conversation. She remembers great world events and shopping trips. She remembers the weather. Every day is there, every detail.

Anna believes it is something that happens to her naturally, but it is not an ability she welcomes. ‘I remember the good things, which is nice. But I also remember the bad things, every bad choice. Ten years later, I still get angry with myself for making the wrong decisions. I don’t forgive myself for a lot of things. I would love for just five minutes to be a simple person and not have all this stuff in my head. Most people call it a gift. But I call it a burden.’

Scientists are unsure why Anna’s memory is so extraordinary, but both of these cases demonstrate the importance of memory. Eddy's case shows us how essential memory is for us to function; but Anna's shows that if our memories are to function properly, we also need to be able to forget.

READING PAPER 7
Time permitted: 60 minutes
Number of questions: 40

Directions: In this section you will read FOUR different passages. Each one is followed by 10 questions about it. For questions 1-40, you are to choose the best answer A, B, C or D, to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.

You have 60 minutes to answer all the questions, including the time to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.

PASSAGE 1 – Questions 1-10

Eddy is warm, charming and friendly. He laughs a lot. He seems at first like an average kindly grandfather. But 15 years ago, a virus attacked his brain and destroyed the part where memories are made. He can remember his childhood and being a sailor in the Navy, but cannot remember anything since 1960. As far as he knows, petrol is cheap and the moon landing never happened.

Since his illness, the only people he knows are the ones in the room with him. On a typical morning, he will get up and have breakfast, then go back to bed to listen to the radio. Often he will forget that he has eaten, so will get up and have breakfast again and return to bed. Sometimes he’ll have breakfast a third time.

Without a memory, he is trapped in the present, between a past he can’t remember and a future he can’t imagine. He lives a quiet life and doesn’t even know that he has a memory problem. ‘He’s happy all the time,’ says his daughter Carol, who lives nearby. I guess it’s because he doesn’t have any stress in his life.

For Anna, in contrast, the past is always there. ‘My memory flows like a movie’, she says. She remembers who called her on the phone at 12.34 on Sunday August 3, 1986. She remembers that on March 28 1992, she had lunch with her father at the Beverly Hills Hotel. She remembers what they ate, every word of the conversation. She remembers great world events and shopping trips. She remembers the weather. Every day is there, every detail.

Anna believes it is something that happens to her naturally, but it is not an ability she welcomes. ‘I remember the good things, which is nice. But I also remember the bad things, every bad choice. Ten years later, I still get angry with myself for making the wrong decisions. I don’t forgive myself for a lot of things. I would love for just five minutes to be a simple person and not have all this stuff in my head. Most people call it a gift. But I call it a burden.’

Scientists are unsure why Anna’s memory is so extraordinary, but both of these cases demonstrate the importance of memory. Eddy's case shows us how essential memory is for us to function; but Anna's shows that if our memories are to function properly, we also need to be able to forget.

READING PAPER 7
Time permitted: 60 minutes
Number of questions: 40

Directions: In this section you will read FOUR different passages. Each one is followed by 10 questions about it. For questions 1-40, you are to choose the best answer A, B, C or D, to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage.

You have 60 minutes to answer all the questions, including the time to transfer your answers to the answer sheet.

PASSAGE 1 – Questions 1-10

Eddy is warm, charming and friendly. He laughs a lot. He seems at first like an average kindly grandfather. But 15 years ago, a virus attacked his brain and destroyed the part where memories are made. He can remember his childhood and being a sailor in the Navy, but cannot remember anything since 1960. As far as he knows, petrol is cheap and the moon landing never happened.

Since his illness, the only people he knows are the ones in the room with him. On a typical morning, he will get up and have breakfast, then go back to bed to listen to the radio. Often he will forget that he has eaten, so will get up and have breakfast again and return to bed. Sometimes he’ll have breakfast a third time.

Without a memory, he is trapped in the present, between a past he can’t remember and a future he can’t imagine. He lives a quiet life and doesn’t even know that he has a memory problem. ‘He’s happy all the time,’ says his daughter Carol, who lives nearby. I guess it’s because he doesn’t have any stress in his life.

For Anna, in contrast, the past is always there. ‘My memory flows like a movie’, she says. She remembers who called her on the phone at 12.34 on Sunday August 3, 1986. She remembers that on March 28 1992, she had lunch with her father at the Beverly Hills Hotel. She remembers what they ate, every word of the conversation. She remembers great world events and shopping trips. She remembers the weather. Every day is there, every detail.

Anna believes it is something that happens to her naturally, but it is not an ability she welcomes. ‘I remember the good things, which is nice. But I also remember the bad things, every bad choice. Ten years later, I still get angry with myself for making the wrong decisions. I don’t forgive myself for a lot of things. I would love for just five minutes to be a simple person and not have all this stuff in my head. Most people call it a gift. But I call it a burden.’

Scientists are unsure why Anna’s memory is so extraordinary, but both of these cases demonstrate the importance of memory. Eddy's case shows us how essential memory is for us to function; but Anna's shows that if our memories are to function properly, we also need to be able to forget.

PASSAGE 3 – Questions 21-30

UNDERGROUND MICROORGANISM

Microorganisms, or microbes, are organisms that are too small to be seen by the human eye. Microbes can be fungi, bacteria, archaea, or protists, but not viruses and prions, which are commonly categorized as non-living. They are usually single-celled, or unicellular. However, there are exceptions, as some multi-cellular varieties are microscopic and some unicellular protists are visible.

Microbes can live almost anywhere on Earth where there is water. Although incredibly small, they play an important role in keeping the planet running, carrying out 90% of the Earth’s biochemical reactions. Without them, life on Earth would be destroyed. The microbes are probably the first forms of life to develop on Earth.

Microbes that live and prosper underground in high temperatures are called “thermopiles.” Dr. Bang, a microbiology professor, said that since scientists are aware that microbes existed underground, they know that the introduction of outside people, materials, and animals would have interacted with those otherwise inaccessible microbes. This interaction may have caused an evolutionary metamorphosis that went unnoticed by the world.

Scientists are identifying factors that establish why microbes survive deep underground in some places but not others. High temperatures make certain that nothing can live too far underground. However, the availability of water, pressure, the porosity of the adjacent rock, and the flow of chemical nutrients may limit where microbes that savor harsh conditions can exist. Temperature is the primary factor in controlling how deep they can live. A lack of water and nutrients excludes subsurface life in arid regions. On the contrary, they may be more abundant deep in mid ocean ridges and salt deposits where nutrients and water flow more generously.

Rock deep underground may have scorching temperatures and toxic chemicals, but life can still survive. For example, in the early 1990’s, researchers found microbes living in rock 500 meters below the surface. More recently they have delved much deeper, nearly 3 km below ground. Tests for microbial residents and a new species of bacteria were conducted by scientists. Unfortunately, these tests cause pollution from the lubricating fluids that drillers pump into the hole. Tests on these fluids revealed a great quantity of aerobic microbes which require oxygen to survive.

In another test, scientists added a range of tracers to the drilling fluids. By checking rock samples of these man-made chemicals, they could recognize which pieces had been polluted by the drilling fluids. Finally, they measured the rock samples. The polluted type had rather large pores that allowed drilling fluid to enter the rock. Those not polluted had barred any microbes from penetrating the rock. If bacteria could not get in the rock, they also could not leave. The tight-spaced mineral grains served as cages, trapping any original bacteria for millions of years.

The organisms survive on a diet of petroleum and other organic compounds. However, because these food sources are so diluted, the microorganisms do not receive enough nutrients to grow, reproduce, or even spread throughout the rock formation. The deepest hole will introduce really high temperatures, where a lot of different biophil bacteria and water seepage reside.

Scientists recently discovered microbes living within igneous formations. These microbes are unique, relying on hydrogen, water, and carbon dioxide. Until this discovery, it was thought that products of the Earth’s interior, and other organisms to some extent, depend on the sun’s energy. Scientists in Sweden have since found a similar community of microbes deep in granite formation. These findings are of great importance because granite is one of the most abundant rocks on the continent, suggesting that these organisms are quite prevalent. Rough calculations propose that bacteria and archaea may go as deep as 4km below the continental crust and 7km into the oceanic crust. It has been calculated that the weight of all subterranean microbes could equal that of life above the surface.

Questions and concerns are driving investigators to explore new environments like South African gold mines. Tests on the mines reveal that bacteria survives even as deep as 3.5km. Microbes living in high temperatures might have the potential to produce antibiotics which can be temperature tolerant. Life underground may also help solve toxic waste problems and improve methods for cleaning wastewater. The most practical application is its effect on the ethanol industry, as it can make the production process more efficient.

PASSAGE 3 – Questions 21-30

UNDERGROUND MICROORGANISM

Microorganisms, or microbes, are organisms that are too small to be seen by the human eye. Microbes can be fungi, bacteria, archaea, or protists, but not viruses and prions, which are commonly categorized as non-living. They are usually single-celled, or unicellular. However, there are exceptions, as some multi-cellular varieties are microscopic and some unicellular protists are visible.

Microbes can live almost anywhere on Earth where there is water. Although incredibly small, they play an important role in keeping the planet running, carrying out 90% of the Earth’s biochemical reactions. Without them, life on Earth would be destroyed. The microbes are probably the first forms of life to develop on Earth.

Microbes that live and prosper underground in high temperatures are called “thermopiles.” Dr. Bang, a microbiology professor, said that since scientists are aware that microbes existed underground, they know that the introduction of outside people, materials, and animals would have interacted with those otherwise inaccessible microbes. This interaction may have caused an evolutionary metamorphosis that went unnoticed by the world.

Scientists are identifying factors that establish why microbes survive deep underground in some places but not others. High temperatures make certain that nothing can live too far underground. However, the availability of water, pressure, the porosity of the adjacent rock, and the flow of chemical nutrients may limit where microbes that savor harsh conditions can exist. Temperature is the primary factor in controlling how deep they can live. A lack of water and nutrients excludes subsurface life in arid regions. On the contrary, they may be more abundant deep in mid ocean ridges and salt deposits where nutrients and water flow more generously.

Rock deep underground may have scorching temperatures and toxic chemicals, but life can still survive. For example, in the early 1990’s, researchers found microbes living in rock 500 meters below the surface. More recently they have delved much deeper, nearly 3 km below ground. Tests for microbial residents and a new species of bacteria were conducted by scientists. Unfortunately, these tests cause pollution from the lubricating fluids that drillers pump into the hole. Tests on these fluids revealed a great quantity of aerobic microbes which require oxygen to survive.

In another test, scientists added a range of tracers to the drilling fluids. By checking rock samples of these man-made chemicals, they could recognize which pieces had been polluted by the drilling fluids. Finally, they measured the rock samples. The polluted type had rather large pores that allowed drilling fluid to enter the rock. Those not polluted had barred any microbes from penetrating the rock. If bacteria could not get in the rock, they also could not leave. The tight-spaced mineral grains served as cages, trapping any original bacteria for millions of years.

The organisms survive on a diet of petroleum and other organic compounds. However, because these food sources are so diluted, the microorganisms do not receive enough nutrients to grow, reproduce, or even spread throughout the rock formation. The deepest hole will introduce really high temperatures, where a lot of different biophil bacteria and water seepage reside.

Scientists recently discovered microbes living within igneous formations. These microbes are unique, relying on hydrogen, water, and carbon dioxide. Until this discovery, it was thought that products of the Earth’s interior, and other organisms to some extent, depend on the sun’s energy. Scientists in Sweden have since found a similar community of microbes deep in granite formation. These findings are of great importance because granite is one of the most abundant rocks on the continent, suggesting that these organisms are quite prevalent. Rough calculations propose that bacteria and archaea may go as deep as 4km below the continental crust and 7km into the oceanic crust. It has been calculated that the weight of all subterranean microbes could equal that of life above the surface.

Questions and concerns are driving investigators to explore new environments like South African gold mines. Tests on the mines reveal that bacteria survives even as deep as 3.5km. Microbes living in high temperatures might have the potential to produce antibiotics which can be temperature tolerant. Life underground may also help solve toxic waste problems and improve methods for cleaning wastewater. The most practical application is its effect on the ethanol industry, as it can make the production process more efficient.

PASSAGE 3 – Questions 21-30

UNDERGROUND MICROORGANISM

Microorganisms, or microbes, are organisms that are too small to be seen by the human eye. Microbes can be fungi, bacteria, archaea, or protists, but not viruses and prions, which are commonly categorized as non-living. They are usually single-celled, or unicellular. However, there are exceptions, as some multi-cellular varieties are microscopic and some unicellular protists are visible.

Microbes can live almost anywhere on Earth where there is water. Although incredibly small, they play an important role in keeping the planet running, carrying out 90% of the Earth’s biochemical reactions. Without them, life on Earth would be destroyed. The microbes are probably the first forms of life to develop on Earth.

Microbes that live and prosper underground in high temperatures are called “thermopiles.” Dr. Bang, a microbiology professor, said that since scientists are aware that microbes existed underground, they know that the introduction of outside people, materials, and animals would have interacted with those otherwise inaccessible microbes. This interaction may have caused an evolutionary metamorphosis that went unnoticed by the world.

Scientists are identifying factors that establish why microbes survive deep underground in some places but not others. High temperatures make certain that nothing can live too far underground. However, the availability of water, pressure, the porosity of the adjacent rock, and the flow of chemical nutrients may limit where microbes that savor harsh conditions can exist. Temperature is the primary factor in controlling how deep they can live. A lack of water and nutrients excludes subsurface life in arid regions. On the contrary, they may be more abundant deep in mid ocean ridges and salt deposits where nutrients and water flow more generously.

Rock deep underground may have scorching temperatures and toxic chemicals, but life can still survive. For example, in the early 1990’s, researchers found microbes living in rock 500 meters below the surface. More recently they have delved much deeper, nearly 3 km below ground. Tests for microbial residents and a new species of bacteria were conducted by scientists. Unfortunately, these tests cause pollution from the lubricating fluids that drillers pump into the hole. Tests on these fluids revealed a great quantity of aerobic microbes which require oxygen to survive.

In another test, scientists added a range of tracers to the drilling fluids. By checking rock samples of these man-made chemicals, they could recognize which pieces had been polluted by the drilling fluids. Finally, they measured the rock samples. The polluted type had rather large pores that allowed drilling fluid to enter the rock. Those not polluted had barred any microbes from penetrating the rock. If bacteria could not get in the rock, they also could not leave. The tight-spaced mineral grains served as cages, trapping any original bacteria for millions of years.

The organisms survive on a diet of petroleum and other organic compounds. However, because these food sources are so diluted, the microorganisms do not receive enough nutrients to grow, reproduce, or even spread throughout the rock formation. The deepest hole will introduce really high temperatures, where a lot of different biophil bacteria and water seepage reside.

Scientists recently discovered microbes living within igneous formations. These microbes are unique, relying on hydrogen, water, and carbon dioxide. Until this discovery, it was thought that products of the Earth’s interior, and other organisms to some extent, depend on the sun’s energy. Scientists in Sweden have since found a similar community of microbes deep in granite formation. These findings are of great importance because granite is one of the most abundant rocks on the continent, suggesting that these organisms are quite prevalent. Rough calculations propose that bacteria and archaea may go as deep as 4km below the continental crust and 7km into the oceanic crust. It has been calculated that the weight of all subterranean microbes could equal that of life above the surface.

Questions and concerns are driving investigators to explore new environments like South African gold mines. Tests on the mines reveal that bacteria survives even as deep as 3.5km. Microbes living in high temperatures might have the potential to produce antibiotics which can be temperature tolerant. Life underground may also help solve toxic waste problems and improve methods for cleaning wastewater. The most practical application is its effect on the ethanol industry, as it can make the production process more efficient.

PASSAGE 3 – Questions 21-30

UNDERGROUND MICROORGANISM

Microorganisms, or microbes, are organisms that are too small to be seen by the human eye. Microbes can be fungi, bacteria, archaea, or protists, but not viruses and prions, which are commonly categorized as non-living. They are usually single-celled, or unicellular. However, there are exceptions, as some multi-cellular varieties are microscopic and some unicellular protists are visible.

Microbes can live almost anywhere on Earth where there is water. Although incredibly small, they play an important role in keeping the planet running, carrying out 90% of the Earth’s biochemical reactions. Without them, life on Earth would be destroyed. The microbes are probably the first forms of life to develop on Earth.

Microbes that live and prosper underground in high temperatures are called “thermopiles.” Dr. Bang, a microbiology professor, said that since scientists are aware that microbes existed underground, they know that the introduction of outside people, materials, and animals would have interacted with those otherwise inaccessible microbes. This interaction may have caused an evolutionary metamorphosis that went unnoticed by the world.

Scientists are identifying factors that establish why microbes survive deep underground in some places but not others. High temperatures make certain that nothing can live too far underground. However, the availability of water, pressure, the porosity of the adjacent rock, and the flow of chemical nutrients may limit where microbes that savor harsh conditions can exist. Temperature is the primary factor in controlling how deep they can live. A lack of water and nutrients excludes subsurface life in arid regions. On the contrary, they may be more abundant deep in mid ocean ridges and salt deposits where nutrients and water flow more generously.

Rock deep underground may have scorching temperatures and toxic chemicals, but life can still survive. For example, in the early 1990’s, researchers found microbes living in rock 500 meters below the surface. More recently they have delved much deeper, nearly 3 km below ground. Tests for microbial residents and a new species of bacteria were conducted by scientists. Unfortunately, these tests cause pollution from the lubricating fluids that drillers pump into the hole. Tests on these fluids revealed a great quantity of aerobic microbes which require oxygen to survive.

In another test, scientists added a range of tracers to the drilling fluids. By checking rock samples of these man-made chemicals, they could recognize which pieces had been polluted by the drilling fluids. Finally, they measured the rock samples. The polluted type had rather large pores that allowed drilling fluid to enter the rock. Those not polluted had barred any microbes from penetrating the rock. If bacteria could not get in the rock, they also could not leave. The tight-spaced mineral grains served as cages, trapping any original bacteria for millions of years.

The organisms survive on a diet of petroleum and other organic compounds. However, because these food sources are so diluted, the microorganisms do not receive enough nutrients to grow, reproduce, or even spread throughout the rock formation. The deepest hole will introduce really high temperatures, where a lot of different biophil bacteria and water seepage reside.

Scientists recently discovered microbes living within igneous formations. These microbes are unique, relying on hydrogen, water, and carbon dioxide. Until this discovery, it was thought that products of the Earth’s interior, and other organisms to some extent, depend on the sun’s energy. Scientists in Sweden have since found a similar community of microbes deep in granite formation. These findings are of great importance because granite is one of the most abundant rocks on the continent, suggesting that these organisms are quite prevalent. Rough calculations propose that bacteria and archaea may go as deep as 4km below the continental crust and 7km into the oceanic crust. It has been calculated that the weight of all subterranean microbes could equal that of life above the surface.

Questions and concerns are driving investigators to explore new environments like South African gold mines. Tests on the mines reveal that bacteria survives even as deep as 3.5km. Microbes living in high temperatures might have the potential to produce antibiotics which can be temperature tolerant. Life underground may also help solve toxic waste problems and improve methods for cleaning wastewater. The most practical application is its effect on the ethanol industry, as it can make the production process more efficient.

PASSAGE 3 – Questions 21-30

UNDERGROUND MICROORGANISM

Microorganisms, or microbes, are organisms that are too small to be seen by the human eye. Microbes can be fungi, bacteria, archaea, or protists, but not viruses and prions, which are commonly categorized as non-living. They are usually single-celled, or unicellular. However, there are exceptions, as some multi-cellular varieties are microscopic and some unicellular protists are visible.

Microbes can live almost anywhere on Earth where there is water. Although incredibly small, they play an important role in keeping the planet running, carrying out 90% of the Earth’s biochemical reactions. Without them, life on Earth would be destroyed. The microbes are probably the first forms of life to develop on Earth.

Microbes that live and prosper underground in high temperatures are called “thermopiles.” Dr. Bang, a microbiology professor, said that since scientists are aware that microbes existed underground, they know that the introduction of outside people, materials, and animals would have interacted with those otherwise inaccessible microbes. This interaction may have caused an evolutionary metamorphosis that went unnoticed by the world.

Scientists are identifying factors that establish why microbes survive deep underground in some places but not others. High temperatures make certain that nothing can live too far underground. However, the availability of water, pressure, the porosity of the adjacent rock, and the flow of chemical nutrients may limit where microbes that savor harsh conditions can exist. Temperature is the primary factor in controlling how deep they can live. A lack of water and nutrients excludes subsurface life in arid regions. On the contrary, they may be more abundant deep in mid ocean ridges and salt deposits where nutrients and water flow more generously.

Rock deep underground may have scorching temperatures and toxic chemicals, but life can still survive. For example, in the early 1990’s, researchers found microbes living in rock 500 meters below the surface. More recently they have delved much deeper, nearly 3 km below ground. Tests for microbial residents and a new species of bacteria were conducted by scientists. Unfortunately, these tests cause pollution from the lubricating fluids that drillers pump into the hole. Tests on these fluids revealed a great quantity of aerobic microbes which require oxygen to survive.

In another test, scientists added a range of tracers to the drilling fluids. By checking rock samples of these man-made chemicals, they could recognize which pieces had been polluted by the drilling fluids. Finally, they measured the rock samples. The polluted type had rather large pores that allowed drilling fluid to enter the rock. Those not polluted had barred any microbes from penetrating the rock. If bacteria could not get in the rock, they also could not leave. The tight-spaced mineral grains served as cages, trapping any original bacteria for millions of years.

The organisms survive on a diet of petroleum and other organic compounds. However, because these food sources are so diluted, the microorganisms do not receive enough nutrients to grow, reproduce, or even spread throughout the rock formation. The deepest hole will introduce really high temperatures, where a lot of different biophil bacteria and water seepage reside.

Scientists recently discovered microbes living within igneous formations. These microbes are unique, relying on hydrogen, water, and carbon dioxide. Until this discovery, it was thought that products of the Earth’s interior, and other organisms to some extent, depend on the sun’s energy. Scientists in Sweden have since found a similar community of microbes deep in granite formation. These findings are of great importance because granite is one of the most abundant rocks on the continent, suggesting that these organisms are quite prevalent. Rough calculations propose that bacteria and archaea may go as deep as 4km below the continental crust and 7km into the oceanic crust. It has been calculated that the weight of all subterranean microbes could equal that of life above the surface.

Questions and concerns are driving investigators to explore new environments like South African gold mines. Tests on the mines reveal that bacteria survives even as deep as 3.5km. Microbes living in high temperatures might have the potential to produce antibiotics which can be temperature tolerant. Life underground may also help solve toxic waste problems and improve methods for cleaning wastewater. The most practical application is its effect on the ethanol industry, as it can make the production process more efficient.

PASSAGE 3 – Questions 21-30

UNDERGROUND MICROORGANISM

Microorganisms, or microbes, are organisms that are too small to be seen by the human eye. Microbes can be fungi, bacteria, archaea, or protists, but not viruses and prions, which are commonly categorized as non-living. They are usually single-celled, or unicellular. However, there are exceptions, as some multi-cellular varieties are microscopic and some unicellular protists are visible.

Microbes can live almost anywhere on Earth where there is water. Although incredibly small, they play an important role in keeping the planet running, carrying out 90% of the Earth’s biochemical reactions. Without them, life on Earth would be destroyed. The microbes are probably the first forms of life to develop on Earth.

Microbes that live and prosper underground in high temperatures are called “thermopiles.” Dr. Bang, a microbiology professor, said that since scientists are aware that microbes existed underground, they know that the introduction of outside people, materials, and animals would have interacted with those otherwise inaccessible microbes. This interaction may have caused an evolutionary metamorphosis that went unnoticed by the world.

Scientists are identifying factors that establish why microbes survive deep underground in some places but not others. High temperatures make certain that nothing can live too far underground. However, the availability of water, pressure, the porosity of the adjacent rock, and the flow of chemical nutrients may limit where microbes that savor harsh conditions can exist. Temperature is the primary factor in controlling how deep they can live. A lack of water and nutrients excludes subsurface life in arid regions. On the contrary, they may be more abundant deep in mid ocean ridges and salt deposits where nutrients and water flow more generously.

Rock deep underground may have scorching temperatures and toxic chemicals, but life can still survive. For example, in the early 1990’s, researchers found microbes living in rock 500 meters below the surface. More recently they have delved much deeper, nearly 3 km below ground. Tests for microbial residents and a new species of bacteria were conducted by scientists. Unfortunately, these tests cause pollution from the lubricating fluids that drillers pump into the hole. Tests on these fluids revealed a great quantity of aerobic microbes which require oxygen to survive.

In another test, scientists added a range of tracers to the drilling fluids. By checking rock samples of these man-made chemicals, they could recognize which pieces had been polluted by the drilling fluids. Finally, they measured the rock samples. The polluted type had rather large pores that allowed drilling fluid to enter the rock. Those not polluted had barred any microbes from penetrating the rock. If bacteria could not get in the rock, they also could not leave. The tight-spaced mineral grains served as cages, trapping any original bacteria for millions of years.

The organisms survive on a diet of petroleum and other organic compounds. However, because these food sources are so diluted, the microorganisms do not receive enough nutrients to grow, reproduce, or even spread throughout the rock formation. The deepest hole will introduce really high temperatures, where a lot of different biophil bacteria and water seepage reside.

Scientists recently discovered microbes living within igneous formations. These microbes are unique, relying on hydrogen, water, and carbon dioxide. Until this discovery, it was thought that products of the Earth’s interior, and other organisms to some extent, depend on the sun’s energy. Scientists in Sweden have since found a similar community of microbes deep in granite formation. These findings are of great importance because granite is one of the most abundant rocks on the continent, suggesting that these organisms are quite prevalent. Rough calculations propose that bacteria and archaea may go as deep as 4km below the continental crust and 7km into the oceanic crust. It has been calculated that the weight of all subterranean microbes could equal that of life above the surface.

Questions and concerns are driving investigators to explore new environments like South African gold mines. Tests on the mines reveal that bacteria survives even as deep as 3.5km. Microbes living in high temperatures might have the potential to produce antibiotics which can be temperature tolerant. Life underground may also help solve toxic waste problems and improve methods for cleaning wastewater. The most practical application is its effect on the ethanol industry, as it can make the production process more efficient.

PASSAGE 3 – Questions 21-30

UNDERGROUND MICROORGANISM

Microorganisms, or microbes, are organisms that are too small to be seen by the human eye. Microbes can be fungi, bacteria, archaea, or protists, but not viruses and prions, which are commonly categorized as non-living. They are usually single-celled, or unicellular. However, there are exceptions, as some multi-cellular varieties are microscopic and some unicellular protists are visible.

Microbes can live almost anywhere on Earth where there is water. Although incredibly small, they play an important role in keeping the planet running, carrying out 90% of the Earth’s biochemical reactions. Without them, life on Earth would be destroyed. The microbes are probably the first forms of life to develop on Earth.

Microbes that live and prosper underground in high temperatures are called “thermopiles.” Dr. Bang, a microbiology professor, said that since scientists are aware that microbes existed underground, they know that the introduction of outside people, materials, and animals would have interacted with those otherwise inaccessible microbes. This interaction may have caused an evolutionary metamorphosis that went unnoticed by the world.

Scientists are identifying factors that establish why microbes survive deep underground in some places but not others. High temperatures make certain that nothing can live too far underground. However, the availability of water, pressure, the porosity of the adjacent rock, and the flow of chemical nutrients may limit where microbes that savor harsh conditions can exist. Temperature is the primary factor in controlling how deep they can live. A lack of water and nutrients excludes subsurface life in arid regions. On the contrary, they may be more abundant deep in mid ocean ridges and salt deposits where nutrients and water flow more generously.

Rock deep underground may have scorching temperatures and toxic chemicals, but life can still survive. For example, in the early 1990’s, researchers found microbes living in rock 500 meters below the surface. More recently they have delved much deeper, nearly 3 km below ground. Tests for microbial residents and a new species of bacteria were conducted by scientists. Unfortunately, these tests cause pollution from the lubricating fluids that drillers pump into the hole. Tests on these fluids revealed a great quantity of aerobic microbes which require oxygen to survive.

In another test, scientists added a range of tracers to the drilling fluids. By checking rock samples of these man-made chemicals, they could recognize which pieces had been polluted by the drilling fluids. Finally, they measured the rock samples. The polluted type had rather large pores that allowed drilling fluid to enter the rock. Those not polluted had barred any microbes from penetrating the rock. If bacteria could not get in the rock, they also could not leave. The tight-spaced mineral grains served as cages, trapping any original bacteria for millions of years.

The organisms survive on a diet of petroleum and other organic compounds. However, because these food sources are so diluted, the microorganisms do not receive enough nutrients to grow, reproduce, or even spread throughout the rock formation. The deepest hole will introduce really high temperatures, where a lot of different biophil bacteria and water seepage reside.

Scientists recently discovered microbes living within igneous formations. These microbes are unique, relying on hydrogen, water, and carbon dioxide. Until this discovery, it was thought that products of the Earth’s interior, and other organisms to some extent, depend on the sun’s energy. Scientists in Sweden have since found a similar community of microbes deep in granite formation. These findings are of great importance because granite is one of the most abundant rocks on the continent, suggesting that these organisms are quite prevalent. Rough calculations propose that bacteria and archaea may go as deep as 4km below the continental crust and 7km into the oceanic crust. It has been calculated that the weight of all subterranean microbes could equal that of life above the surface.

Questions and concerns are driving investigators to explore new environments like South African gold mines. Tests on the mines reveal that bacteria survives even as deep as 3.5km. Microbes living in high temperatures might have the potential to produce antibiotics which can be temperature tolerant. Life underground may also help solve toxic waste problems and improve methods for cleaning wastewater. The most practical application is its effect on the ethanol industry, as it can make the production process more efficient.

PASSAGE 3 – Questions 21-30

UNDERGROUND MICROORGANISM

Microorganisms, or microbes, are organisms that are too small to be seen by the human eye. Microbes can be fungi, bacteria, archaea, or protists, but not viruses and prions, which are commonly categorized as non-living. They are usually single-celled, or unicellular. However, there are exceptions, as some multi-cellular varieties are microscopic and some unicellular protists are visible.

Microbes can live almost anywhere on Earth where there is water. Although incredibly small, they play an important role in keeping the planet running, carrying out 90% of the Earth’s biochemical reactions. Without them, life on Earth would be destroyed. The microbes are probably the first forms of life to develop on Earth.

Microbes that live and prosper underground in high temperatures are called “thermopiles.” Dr. Bang, a microbiology professor, said that since scientists are aware that microbes existed underground, they know that the introduction of outside people, materials, and animals would have interacted with those otherwise inaccessible microbes. This interaction may have caused an evolutionary metamorphosis that went unnoticed by the world.

Scientists are identifying factors that establish why microbes survive deep underground in some places but not others. High temperatures make certain that nothing can live too far underground. However, the availability of water, pressure, the porosity of the adjacent rock, and the flow of chemical nutrients may limit where microbes that savor harsh conditions can exist. Temperature is the primary factor in controlling how deep they can live. A lack of water and nutrients excludes subsurface life in arid regions. On the contrary, they may be more abundant deep in mid ocean ridges and salt deposits where nutrients and water flow more generously.

Rock deep underground may have scorching temperatures and toxic chemicals, but life can still survive. For example, in the early 1990’s, researchers found microbes living in rock 500 meters below the surface. More recently they have delved much deeper, nearly 3 km below ground. Tests for microbial residents and a new species of bacteria were conducted by scientists. Unfortunately, these tests cause pollution from the lubricating fluids that drillers pump into the hole. Tests on these fluids revealed a great quantity of aerobic microbes which require oxygen to survive.

In another test, scientists added a range of tracers to the drilling fluids. By checking rock samples of these man-made chemicals, they could recognize which pieces had been polluted by the drilling fluids. Finally, they measured the rock samples. The polluted type had rather large pores that allowed drilling fluid to enter the rock. Those not polluted had barred any microbes from penetrating the rock. If bacteria could not get in the rock, they also could not leave. The tight-spaced mineral grains served as cages, trapping any original bacteria for millions of years.

The organisms survive on a diet of petroleum and other organic compounds. However, because these food sources are so diluted, the microorganisms do not receive enough nutrients to grow, reproduce, or even spread throughout the rock formation. The deepest hole will introduce really high temperatures, where a lot of different biophil bacteria and water seepage reside.

Scientists recently discovered microbes living within igneous formations. These microbes are unique, relying on hydrogen, water, and carbon dioxide. Until this discovery, it was thought that products of the Earth’s interior, and other organisms to some extent, depend on the sun’s energy. Scientists in Sweden have since found a similar community of microbes deep in granite formation. These findings are of great importance because granite is one of the most abundant rocks on the continent, suggesting that these organisms are quite prevalent. Rough calculations propose that bacteria and archaea may go as deep as 4km below the continental crust and 7km into the oceanic crust. It has been calculated that the weight of all subterranean microbes could equal that of life above the surface.

Questions and concerns are driving investigators to explore new environments like South African gold mines. Tests on the mines reveal that bacteria survives even as deep as 3.5km. Microbes living in high temperatures might have the potential to produce antibiotics which can be temperature tolerant. Life underground may also help solve toxic waste problems and improve methods for cleaning wastewater. The most practical application is its effect on the ethanol industry, as it can make the production process more efficient.

PASSAGE 3 – Questions 21-30

UNDERGROUND MICROORGANISM

Microorganisms, or microbes, are organisms that are too small to be seen by the human eye. Microbes can be fungi, bacteria, archaea, or protists, but not viruses and prions, which are commonly categorized as non-living. They are usually single-celled, or unicellular. However, there are exceptions, as some multi-cellular varieties are microscopic and some unicellular protists are visible.

Microbes can live almost anywhere on Earth where there is water. Although incredibly small, they play an important role in keeping the planet running, carrying out 90% of the Earth’s biochemical reactions. Without them, life on Earth would be destroyed. The microbes are probably the first forms of life to develop on Earth.

Microbes that live and prosper underground in high temperatures are called “thermopiles.” Dr. Bang, a microbiology professor, said that since scientists are aware that microbes existed underground, they know that the introduction of outside people, materials, and animals would have interacted with those otherwise inaccessible microbes. This interaction may have caused an evolutionary metamorphosis that went unnoticed by the world.

Scientists are identifying factors that establish why microbes survive deep underground in some places but not others. High temperatures make certain that nothing can live too far underground. However, the availability of water, pressure, the porosity of the adjacent rock, and the flow of chemical nutrients may limit where microbes that savor harsh conditions can exist. Temperature is the primary factor in controlling how deep they can live. A lack of water and nutrients excludes subsurface life in arid regions. On the contrary, they may be more abundant deep in mid ocean ridges and salt deposits where nutrients and water flow more generously.

Rock deep underground may have scorching temperatures and toxic chemicals, but life can still survive. For example, in the early 1990’s, researchers found microbes living in rock 500 meters below the surface. More recently they have delved much deeper, nearly 3 km below ground. Tests for microbial residents and a new species of bacteria were conducted by scientists. Unfortunately, these tests cause pollution from the lubricating fluids that drillers pump into the hole. Tests on these fluids revealed a great quantity of aerobic microbes which require oxygen to survive.

In another test, scientists added a range of tracers to the drilling fluids. By checking rock samples of these man-made chemicals, they could recognize which pieces had been polluted by the drilling fluids. Finally, they measured the rock samples. The polluted type had rather large pores that allowed drilling fluid to enter the rock. Those not polluted had barred any microbes from penetrating the rock. If bacteria could not get in the rock, they also could not leave. The tight-spaced mineral grains served as cages, trapping any original bacteria for millions of years.

The organisms survive on a diet of petroleum and other organic compounds. However, because these food sources are so diluted, the microorganisms do not receive enough nutrients to grow, reproduce, or even spread throughout the rock formation. The deepest hole will introduce really high temperatures, where a lot of different biophil bacteria and water seepage reside.

Scientists recently discovered microbes living within igneous formations. These microbes are unique, relying on hydrogen, water, and carbon dioxide. Until this discovery, it was thought that products of the Earth’s interior, and other organisms to some extent, depend on the sun’s energy. Scientists in Sweden have since found a similar community of microbes deep in granite formation. These findings are of great importance because granite is one of the most abundant rocks on the continent, suggesting that these organisms are quite prevalent. Rough calculations propose that bacteria and archaea may go as deep as 4km below the continental crust and 7km into the oceanic crust. It has been calculated that the weight of all subterranean microbes could equal that of life above the surface.

Questions and concerns are driving investigators to explore new environments like South African gold mines. Tests on the mines reveal that bacteria survives even as deep as 3.5km. Microbes living in high temperatures might have the potential to produce antibiotics which can be temperature tolerant. Life underground may also help solve toxic waste problems and improve methods for cleaning wastewater. The most practical application is its effect on the ethanol industry, as it can make the production process more efficient.

PASSAGE 3 – Questions 21-30

UNDERGROUND MICROORGANISM

Microorganisms, or microbes, are organisms that are too small to be seen by the human eye. Microbes can be fungi, bacteria, archaea, or protists, but not viruses and prions, which are commonly categorized as non-living. They are usually single-celled, or unicellular. However, there are exceptions, as some multi-cellular varieties are microscopic and some unicellular protists are visible.

Microbes can live almost anywhere on Earth where there is water. Although incredibly small, they play an important role in keeping the planet running, carrying out 90% of the Earth’s biochemical reactions. Without them, life on Earth would be destroyed. The microbes are probably the first forms of life to develop on Earth.

Microbes that live and prosper underground in high temperatures are called “thermopiles.” Dr. Bang, a microbiology professor, said that since scientists are aware that microbes existed underground, they know that the introduction of outside people, materials, and animals would have interacted with those otherwise inaccessible microbes. This interaction may have caused an evolutionary metamorphosis that went unnoticed by the world.

Scientists are identifying factors that establish why microbes survive deep underground in some places but not others. High temperatures make certain that nothing can live too far underground. However, the availability of water, pressure, the porosity of the adjacent rock, and the flow of chemical nutrients may limit where microbes that savor harsh conditions can exist. Temperature is the primary factor in controlling how deep they can live. A lack of water and nutrients excludes subsurface life in arid regions. On the contrary, they may be more abundant deep in mid ocean ridges and salt deposits where nutrients and water flow more generously.

Rock deep underground may have scorching temperatures and toxic chemicals, but life can still survive. For example, in the early 1990’s, researchers found microbes living in rock 500 meters below the surface. More recently they have delved much deeper, nearly 3 km below ground. Tests for microbial residents and a new species of bacteria were conducted by scientists. Unfortunately, these tests cause pollution from the lubricating fluids that drillers pump into the hole. Tests on these fluids revealed a great quantity of aerobic microbes which require oxygen to survive.

In another test, scientists added a range of tracers to the drilling fluids. By checking rock samples of these man-made chemicals, they could recognize which pieces had been polluted by the drilling fluids. Finally, they measured the rock samples. The polluted type had rather large pores that allowed drilling fluid to enter the rock. Those not polluted had barred any microbes from penetrating the rock. If bacteria could not get in the rock, they also could not leave. The tight-spaced mineral grains served as cages, trapping any original bacteria for millions of years.

The organisms survive on a diet of petroleum and other organic compounds. However, because these food sources are so diluted, the microorganisms do not receive enough nutrients to grow, reproduce, or even spread throughout the rock formation. The deepest hole will introduce really high temperatures, where a lot of different biophil bacteria and water seepage reside.

Scientists recently discovered microbes living within igneous formations. These microbes are unique, relying on hydrogen, water, and carbon dioxide. Until this discovery, it was thought that products of the Earth’s interior, and other organisms to some extent, depend on the sun’s energy. Scientists in Sweden have since found a similar community of microbes deep in granite formation. These findings are of great importance because granite is one of the most abundant rocks on the continent, suggesting that these organisms are quite prevalent. Rough calculations propose that bacteria and archaea may go as deep as 4km below the continental crust and 7km into the oceanic crust. It has been calculated that the weight of all subterranean microbes could equal that of life above the surface.

Questions and concerns are driving investigators to explore new environments like South African gold mines. Tests on the mines reveal that bacteria survives even as deep as 3.5km. Microbes living in high temperatures might have the potential to produce antibiotics which can be temperature tolerant. Life underground may also help solve toxic waste problems and improve methods for cleaning wastewater. The most practical application is its effect on the ethanol industry, as it can make the production process more efficient.

PASSAGE 4 – Questions 31-40

ROMAN AND MODERN ARCHITECTURE

The Roman advanced unique principles of architecture in many ways, constructing buildings and monuments involving both engineering and architectural skill. The arch was applied to various works of utility, making it a universal feature in civil buildings. Examples of this include the Pantheon, and the Temple of Peace, both of which extended the principles of the arch to their logical limits. Both these edifices indicated the progress of the Romans toward the invention of a design that was distinctively their own.

The first Roman architects were priests because the religious leaders wanted a place to worship. Romans learned most of their architectural techniques from the Greeks and the Etruscans. Arches were used for their great support capabilities and their power to glorify. The idea of extending the arch led to the development of the dome. Cement was added to the arch construction, allowing the Romans to expand buildings. The Coliseum, for example, was built using the arch system and concrete. The other primary use of the arch was to build aqueducts, which carried water from the hills to big tanks in the cities. They held pipes lined with cement on the top of the arches which carried the water.

Arches were also built in homage to the achievements of emperors. Rome contains arches for Constantine, Titus, and many more, and all were decorated with sculptured pictures. Roman architecture was about creating a beautiful structure. It attempted to serve a function and be beautiful. For example, the Notre Dame and the Pantheon were both clearly designed to create beauty. Roman architecture emphasized symmetry and weight, which involved the use of load-bearing masonry. Detail was of immense importance, and perfection came from a meticulous and firm use of symmetrical geometries, as well as the precise implementation of proportion.

Modern buildings, since the 19th century, started to use a functional approach to design. Iron, steel, and glass enabled architects to enclose vast spaces of department stores, or market halls. Modern architecture was being inspired by abstract paintings and sculptures, and architects began to consider space and light in their designs.

Modern architecture emphasized dynamic composition, movement, and thinness by using materials such as iron and glass. Buildings were constructed using frame and cladding techniques, where a steel frame was erected and glass panes were inserted to complete the building. All loads were transferred down using the frame of the buildings. Although load-bearing materials such as brick appear to be used, virtually all of them are made of concrete and steel, with a thin layer of brick applied to the exterior to hide the true nature of the structure underneath.

The Louvre in Paris is an example of a building that has been modernized architecturally. The original style of museum has been updated to include glass and steel. Originally, the entrance to the museum attempted to create a beautiful environment in which the objects of value could be put on view. However, the new entrance attempts to bring the inside to the outside and plays with the idea of not separating the two.

There are many distinguishing features between old and modern architecture. Classical buildings, it seems, are built for longevity, as most have withstood the ages. Ancient builders used stone, mud-brick, and, eventually, wood and concrete in their buildings. Now, architectures are incorporating style and function into modern designs. Although they are not built to withstand the ages, some are works of admiration and intricate details.

40A The production of steel, iron, concrete and aluminum has greatly extended the scale of designs that can be successfully built. 40B Today, lightweight materials allow designers to cover distances far beyond, without the use of any arches. In this day and age, functionality is important when designing a building as rooms are planned to maximize the use of space. However, in ancient times, space was not a problem. 40C Aesthetics were much more important than function. Modern and classical architecture refer to specific movements in their respective times. Both, however, share an attitude of perfectionism. 40D

PASSAGE 4 – Questions 31-40

ROMAN AND MODERN ARCHITECTURE

The Roman advanced unique principles of architecture in many ways, constructing buildings and monuments involving both engineering and architectural skill. The arch was applied to various works of utility, making it a universal feature in civil buildings. Examples of this include the Pantheon, and the Temple of Peace, both of which extended the principles of the arch to their logical limits. Both these edifices indicated the progress of the Romans toward the invention of a design that was distinctively their own.

The first Roman architects were priests because the religious leaders wanted a place to worship. Romans learned most of their architectural techniques from the Greeks and the Etruscans. Arches were used for their great support capabilities and their power to glorify. The idea of extending the arch led to the development of the dome. Cement was added to the arch construction, allowing the Romans to expand buildings. The Coliseum, for example, was built using the arch system and concrete. The other primary use of the arch was to build aqueducts, which carried water from the hills to big tanks in the cities. They held pipes lined with cement on the top of the arches which carried the water.

Arches were also built in homage to the achievements of emperors. Rome contains arches for Constantine, Titus, and many more, and all were decorated with sculptured pictures. Roman architecture was about creating a beautiful structure. It attempted to serve a function and be beautiful. For example, the Notre Dame and the Pantheon were both clearly designed to create beauty. Roman architecture emphasized symmetry and weight, which involved the use of load-bearing masonry. Detail was of immense importance, and perfection came from a meticulous and firm use of symmetrical geometries, as well as the precise implementation of proportion.

Modern buildings, since the 19th century, started to use a functional approach to design. Iron, steel, and glass enabled architects to enclose vast spaces of department stores, or market halls. Modern architecture was being inspired by abstract paintings and sculptures, and architects began to consider space and light in their designs.

Modern architecture emphasized dynamic composition, movement, and thinness by using materials such as iron and glass. Buildings were constructed using frame and cladding techniques, where a steel frame was erected and glass panes were inserted to complete the building. All loads were transferred down using the frame of the buildings. Although load-bearing materials such as brick appear to be used, virtually all of them are made of concrete and steel, with a thin layer of brick applied to the exterior to hide the true nature of the structure underneath.

The Louvre in Paris is an example of a building that has been modernized architecturally. The original style of museum has been updated to include glass and steel. Originally, the entrance to the museum attempted to create a beautiful environment in which the objects of value could be put on view. However, the new entrance attempts to bring the inside to the outside and plays with the idea of not separating the two.

There are many distinguishing features between old and modern architecture. Classical buildings, it seems, are built for longevity, as most have withstood the ages. Ancient builders used stone, mud-brick, and, eventually, wood and concrete in their buildings. Now, architectures are incorporating style and function into modern designs. Although they are not built to withstand the ages, some are works of admiration and intricate details.

40A The production of steel, iron, concrete and aluminum has greatly extended the scale of designs that can be successfully built. 40B Today, lightweight materials allow designers to cover distances far beyond, without the use of any arches. In this day and age, functionality is important when designing a building as rooms are planned to maximize the use of space. However, in ancient times, space was not a problem. 40C Aesthetics were much more important than function. Modern and classical architecture refer to specific movements in their respective times. Both, however, share an attitude of perfectionism. 40D

PASSAGE 4 – Questions 31-40

ROMAN AND MODERN ARCHITECTURE

The Roman advanced unique principles of architecture in many ways, constructing buildings and monuments involving both engineering and architectural skill. The arch was applied to various works of utility, making it a universal feature in civil buildings. Examples of this include the Pantheon, and the Temple of Peace, both of which extended the principles of the arch to their logical limits. Both these edifices indicated the progress of the Romans toward the invention of a design that was distinctively their own.

The first Roman architects were priests because the religious leaders wanted a place to worship. Romans learned most of their architectural techniques from the Greeks and the Etruscans. Arches were used for their great support capabilities and their power to glorify. The idea of extending the arch led to the development of the dome. Cement was added to the arch construction, allowing the Romans to expand buildings. The Coliseum, for example, was built using the arch system and concrete. The other primary use of the arch was to build aqueducts, which carried water from the hills to big tanks in the cities. They held pipes lined with cement on the top of the arches which carried the water.

Arches were also built in homage to the achievements of emperors. Rome contains arches for Constantine, Titus, and many more, and all were decorated with sculptured pictures. Roman architecture was about creating a beautiful structure. It attempted to serve a function and be beautiful. For example, the Notre Dame and the Pantheon were both clearly designed to create beauty. Roman architecture emphasized symmetry and weight, which involved the use of load-bearing masonry. Detail was of immense importance, and perfection came from a meticulous and firm use of symmetrical geometries, as well as the precise implementation of proportion.

Modern buildings, since the 19th century, started to use a functional approach to design. Iron, steel, and glass enabled architects to enclose vast spaces of department stores, or market halls. Modern architecture was being inspired by abstract paintings and sculptures, and architects began to consider space and light in their designs.

Modern architecture emphasized dynamic composition, movement, and thinness by using materials such as iron and glass. Buildings were constructed using frame and cladding techniques, where a steel frame was erected and glass panes were inserted to complete the building. All loads were transferred down using the frame of the buildings. Although load-bearing materials such as brick appear to be used, virtually all of them are made of concrete and steel, with a thin layer of brick applied to the exterior to hide the true nature of the structure underneath.

The Louvre in Paris is an example of a building that has been modernized architecturally. The original style of museum has been updated to include glass and steel. Originally, the entrance to the museum attempted to create a beautiful environment in which the objects of value could be put on view. However, the new entrance attempts to bring the inside to the outside and plays with the idea of not separating the two.

There are many distinguishing features between old and modern architecture. Classical buildings, it seems, are built for longevity, as most have withstood the ages. Ancient builders used stone, mud-brick, and, eventually, wood and concrete in their buildings. Now, architectures are incorporating style and function into modern designs. Although they are not built to withstand the ages, some are works of admiration and intricate details.

40A The production of steel, iron, concrete and aluminum has greatly extended the scale of designs that can be successfully built. 40B Today, lightweight materials allow designers to cover distances far beyond, without the use of any arches. In this day and age, functionality is important when designing a building as rooms are planned to maximize the use of space. However, in ancient times, space was not a problem. 40C Aesthetics were much more important than function. Modern and classical architecture refer to specific movements in their respective times. Both, however, share an attitude of perfectionism. 40D

PASSAGE 4 – Questions 31-40

ROMAN AND MODERN ARCHITECTURE

The Roman advanced unique principles of architecture in many ways, constructing buildings and monuments involving both engineering and architectural skill. The arch was applied to various works of utility, making it a universal feature in civil buildings. Examples of this include the Pantheon, and the Temple of Peace, both of which extended the principles of the arch to their logical limits. Both these edifices indicated the progress of the Romans toward the invention of a design that was distinctively their own.

The first Roman architects were priests because the religious leaders wanted a place to worship. Romans learned most of their architectural techniques from the Greeks and the Etruscans. Arches were used for their great support capabilities and their power to glorify. The idea of extending the arch led to the development of the dome. Cement was added to the arch construction, allowing the Romans to expand buildings. The Coliseum, for example, was built using the arch system and concrete. The other primary use of the arch was to build aqueducts, which carried water from the hills to big tanks in the cities. They held pipes lined with cement on the top of the arches which carried the water.

Arches were also built in homage to the achievements of emperors. Rome contains arches for Constantine, Titus, and many more, and all were decorated with sculptured pictures. Roman architecture was about creating a beautiful structure. It attempted to serve a function and be beautiful. For example, the Notre Dame and the Pantheon were both clearly designed to create beauty. Roman architecture emphasized symmetry and weight, which involved the use of load-bearing masonry. Detail was of immense importance, and perfection came from a meticulous and firm use of symmetrical geometries, as well as the precise implementation of proportion.

Modern buildings, since the 19th century, started to use a functional approach to design. Iron, steel, and glass enabled architects to enclose vast spaces of department stores, or market halls. Modern architecture was being inspired by abstract paintings and sculptures, and architects began to consider space and light in their designs.

Modern architecture emphasized dynamic composition, movement, and thinness by using materials such as iron and glass. Buildings were constructed using frame and cladding techniques, where a steel frame was erected and glass panes were inserted to complete the building. All loads were transferred down using the frame of the buildings. Although load-bearing materials such as brick appear to be used, virtually all of them are made of concrete and steel, with a thin layer of brick applied to the exterior to hide the true nature of the structure underneath.

The Louvre in Paris is an example of a building that has been modernized architecturally. The original style of museum has been updated to include glass and steel. Originally, the entrance to the museum attempted to create a beautiful environment in which the objects of value could be put on view. However, the new entrance attempts to bring the inside to the outside and plays with the idea of not separating the two.

There are many distinguishing features between old and modern architecture. Classical buildings, it seems, are built for longevity, as most have withstood the ages. Ancient builders used stone, mud-brick, and, eventually, wood and concrete in their buildings. Now, architectures are incorporating style and function into modern designs. Although they are not built to withstand the ages, some are works of admiration and intricate details.

40A The production of steel, iron, concrete and aluminum has greatly extended the scale of designs that can be successfully built. 40B Today, lightweight materials allow designers to cover distances far beyond, without the use of any arches. In this day and age, functionality is important when designing a building as rooms are planned to maximize the use of space. However, in ancient times, space was not a problem. 40C Aesthetics were much more important than function. Modern and classical architecture refer to specific movements in their respective times. Both, however, share an attitude of perfectionism. 40D

PASSAGE 4 – Questions 31-40

ROMAN AND MODERN ARCHITECTURE

The Roman advanced unique principles of architecture in many ways, constructing buildings and monuments involving both engineering and architectural skill. The arch was applied to various works of utility, making it a universal feature in civil buildings. Examples of this include the Pantheon, and the Temple of Peace, both of which extended the principles of the arch to their logical limits. Both these edifices indicated the progress of the Romans toward the invention of a design that was distinctively their own.

The first Roman architects were priests because the religious leaders wanted a place to worship. Romans learned most of their architectural techniques from the Greeks and the Etruscans. Arches were used for their great support capabilities and their power to glorify. The idea of extending the arch led to the development of the dome. Cement was added to the arch construction, allowing the Romans to expand buildings. The Coliseum, for example, was built using the arch system and concrete. The other primary use of the arch was to build aqueducts, which carried water from the hills to big tanks in the cities. They held pipes lined with cement on the top of the arches which carried the water.

Arches were also built in homage to the achievements of emperors. Rome contains arches for Constantine, Titus, and many more, and all were decorated with sculptured pictures. Roman architecture was about creating a beautiful structure. It attempted to serve a function and be beautiful. For example, the Notre Dame and the Pantheon were both clearly designed to create beauty. Roman architecture emphasized symmetry and weight, which involved the use of load-bearing masonry. Detail was of immense importance, and perfection came from a meticulous and firm use of symmetrical geometries, as well as the precise implementation of proportion.

Modern buildings, since the 19th century, started to use a functional approach to design. Iron, steel, and glass enabled architects to enclose vast spaces of department stores, or market halls. Modern architecture was being inspired by abstract paintings and sculptures, and architects began to consider space and light in their designs.

Modern architecture emphasized dynamic composition, movement, and thinness by using materials such as iron and glass. Buildings were constructed using frame and cladding techniques, where a steel frame was erected and glass panes were inserted to complete the building. All loads were transferred down using the frame of the buildings. Although load-bearing materials such as brick appear to be used, virtually all of them are made of concrete and steel, with a thin layer of brick applied to the exterior to hide the true nature of the structure underneath.

The Louvre in Paris is an example of a building that has been modernized architecturally. The original style of museum has been updated to include glass and steel. Originally, the entrance to the museum attempted to create a beautiful environment in which the objects of value could be put on view. However, the new entrance attempts to bring the inside to the outside and plays with the idea of not separating the two.

There are many distinguishing features between old and modern architecture. Classical buildings, it seems, are built for longevity, as most have withstood the ages. Ancient builders used stone, mud-brick, and, eventually, wood and concrete in their buildings. Now, architectures are incorporating style and function into modern designs. Although they are not built to withstand the ages, some are works of admiration and intricate details.

40A The production of steel, iron, concrete and aluminum has greatly extended the scale of designs that can be successfully built. 40B Today, lightweight materials allow designers to cover distances far beyond, without the use of any arches. In this day and age, functionality is important when designing a building as rooms are planned to maximize the use of space. However, in ancient times, space was not a problem. 40C Aesthetics were much more important than function. Modern and classical architecture refer to specific movements in their respective times. Both, however, share an attitude of perfectionism. 40D

PASSAGE 4 – Questions 31-40

ROMAN AND MODERN ARCHITECTURE

The Roman advanced unique principles of architecture in many ways, constructing buildings and monuments involving both engineering and architectural skill. The arch was applied to various works of utility, making it a universal feature in civil buildings. Examples of this include the Pantheon, and the Temple of Peace, both of which extended the principles of the arch to their logical limits. Both these edifices indicated the progress of the Romans toward the invention of a design that was distinctively their own.

The first Roman architects were priests because the religious leaders wanted a place to worship. Romans learned most of their architectural techniques from the Greeks and the Etruscans. Arches were used for their great support capabilities and their power to glorify. The idea of extending the arch led to the development of the dome. Cement was added to the arch construction, allowing the Romans to expand buildings. The Coliseum, for example, was built using the arch system and concrete. The other primary use of the arch was to build aqueducts, which carried water from the hills to big tanks in the cities. They held pipes lined with cement on the top of the arches which carried the water.

Arches were also built in homage to the achievements of emperors. Rome contains arches for Constantine, Titus, and many more, and all were decorated with sculptured pictures. Roman architecture was about creating a beautiful structure. It attempted to serve a function and be beautiful. For example, the Notre Dame and the Pantheon were both clearly designed to create beauty. Roman architecture emphasized symmetry and weight, which involved the use of load-bearing masonry. Detail was of immense importance, and perfection came from a meticulous and firm use of symmetrical geometries, as well as the precise implementation of proportion.

Modern buildings, since the 19th century, started to use a functional approach to design. Iron, steel, and glass enabled architects to enclose vast spaces of department stores, or market halls. Modern architecture was being inspired by abstract paintings and sculptures, and architects began to consider space and light in their designs.

Modern architecture emphasized dynamic composition, movement, and thinness by using materials such as iron and glass. Buildings were constructed using frame and cladding techniques, where a steel frame was erected and glass panes were inserted to complete the building. All loads were transferred down using the frame of the buildings. Although load-bearing materials such as brick appear to be used, virtually all of them are made of concrete and steel, with a thin layer of brick applied to the exterior to hide the true nature of the structure underneath.

The Louvre in Paris is an example of a building that has been modernized architecturally. The original style of museum has been updated to include glass and steel. Originally, the entrance to the museum attempted to create a beautiful environment in which the objects of value could be put on view. However, the new entrance attempts to bring the inside to the outside and plays with the idea of not separating the two.

There are many distinguishing features between old and modern architecture. Classical buildings, it seems, are built for longevity, as most have withstood the ages. Ancient builders used stone, mud-brick, and, eventually, wood and concrete in their buildings. Now, architectures are incorporating style and function into modern designs. Although they are not built to withstand the ages, some are works of admiration and intricate details.

40A The production of steel, iron, concrete and aluminum has greatly extended the scale of designs that can be successfully built. 40B Today, lightweight materials allow designers to cover distances far beyond, without the use of any arches. In this day and age, functionality is important when designing a building as rooms are planned to maximize the use of space. However, in ancient times, space was not a problem. 40C Aesthetics were much more important than function. Modern and classical architecture refer to specific movements in their respective times. Both, however, share an attitude of perfectionism. 40D

PASSAGE 4 – Questions 31-40

ROMAN AND MODERN ARCHITECTURE

The Roman advanced unique principles of architecture in many ways, constructing buildings and monuments involving both engineering and architectural skill. The arch was applied to various works of utility, making it a universal feature in civil buildings. Examples of this include the Pantheon, and the Temple of Peace, both of which extended the principles of the arch to their logical limits. Both these edifices indicated the progress of the Romans toward the invention of a design that was distinctively their own.

The first Roman architects were priests because the religious leaders wanted a place to worship. Romans learned most of their architectural techniques from the Greeks and the Etruscans. Arches were used for their great support capabilities and their power to glorify. The idea of extending the arch led to the development of the dome. Cement was added to the arch construction, allowing the Romans to expand buildings. The Coliseum, for example, was built using the arch system and concrete. The other primary use of the arch was to build aqueducts, which carried water from the hills to big tanks in the cities. They held pipes lined with cement on the top of the arches which carried the water.

Arches were also built in homage to the achievements of emperors. Rome contains arches for Constantine, Titus, and many more, and all were decorated with sculptured pictures. Roman architecture was about creating a beautiful structure. It attempted to serve a function and be beautiful. For example, the Notre Dame and the Pantheon were both clearly designed to create beauty. Roman architecture emphasized symmetry and weight, which involved the use of load-bearing masonry. Detail was of immense importance, and perfection came from a meticulous and firm use of symmetrical geometries, as well as the precise implementation of proportion.

Modern buildings, since the 19th century, started to use a functional approach to design. Iron, steel, and glass enabled architects to enclose vast spaces of department stores, or market halls. Modern architecture was being inspired by abstract paintings and sculptures, and architects began to consider space and light in their designs.

Modern architecture emphasized dynamic composition, movement, and thinness by using materials such as iron and glass. Buildings were constructed using frame and cladding techniques, where a steel frame was erected and glass panes were inserted to complete the building. All loads were transferred down using the frame of the buildings. Although load-bearing materials such as brick appear to be used, virtually all of them are made of concrete and steel, with a thin layer of brick applied to the exterior to hide the true nature of the structure underneath.

The Louvre in Paris is an example of a building that has been modernized architecturally. The original style of museum has been updated to include glass and steel. Originally, the entrance to the museum attempted to create a beautiful environment in which the objects of value could be put on view. However, the new entrance attempts to bring the inside to the outside and plays with the idea of not separating the two.

There are many distinguishing features between old and modern architecture. Classical buildings, it seems, are built for longevity, as most have withstood the ages. Ancient builders used stone, mud-brick, and, eventually, wood and concrete in their buildings. Now, architectures are incorporating style and function into modern designs. Although they are not built to withstand the ages, some are works of admiration and intricate details.

40A The production of steel, iron, concrete and aluminum has greatly extended the scale of designs that can be successfully built. 40B Today, lightweight materials allow designers to cover distances far beyond, without the use of any arches. In this day and age, functionality is important when designing a building as rooms are planned to maximize the use of space. However, in ancient times, space was not a problem. 40C Aesthetics were much more important than function. Modern and classical architecture refer to specific movements in their respective times. Both, however, share an attitude of perfectionism. 40D

PASSAGE 4 – Questions 31-40

ROMAN AND MODERN ARCHITECTURE

The Roman advanced unique principles of architecture in many ways, constructing buildings and monuments involving both engineering and architectural skill. The arch was applied to various works of utility, making it a universal feature in civil buildings. Examples of this include the Pantheon, and the Temple of Peace, both of which extended the principles of the arch to their logical limits. Both these edifices indicated the progress of the Romans toward the invention of a design that was distinctively their own.

The first Roman architects were priests because the religious leaders wanted a place to worship. Romans learned most of their architectural techniques from the Greeks and the Etruscans. Arches were used for their great support capabilities and their power to glorify. The idea of extending the arch led to the development of the dome. Cement was added to the arch construction, allowing the Romans to expand buildings. The Coliseum, for example, was built using the arch system and concrete. The other primary use of the arch was to build aqueducts, which carried water from the hills to big tanks in the cities. They held pipes lined with cement on the top of the arches which carried the water.

Arches were also built in homage to the achievements of emperors. Rome contains arches for Constantine, Titus, and many more, and all were decorated with sculptured pictures. Roman architecture was about creating a beautiful structure. It attempted to serve a function and be beautiful. For example, the Notre Dame and the Pantheon were both clearly designed to create beauty. Roman architecture emphasized symmetry and weight, which involved the use of load-bearing masonry. Detail was of immense importance, and perfection came from a meticulous and firm use of symmetrical geometries, as well as the precise implementation of proportion.

Modern buildings, since the 19th century, started to use a functional approach to design. Iron, steel, and glass enabled architects to enclose vast spaces of department stores, or market halls. Modern architecture was being inspired by abstract paintings and sculptures, and architects began to consider space and light in their designs.

Modern architecture emphasized dynamic composition, movement, and thinness by using materials such as iron and glass. Buildings were constructed using frame and cladding techniques, where a steel frame was erected and glass panes were inserted to complete the building. All loads were transferred down using the frame of the buildings. Although load-bearing materials such as brick appear to be used, virtually all of them are made of concrete and steel, with a thin layer of brick applied to the exterior to hide the true nature of the structure underneath.

The Louvre in Paris is an example of a building that has been modernized architecturally. The original style of museum has been updated to include glass and steel. Originally, the entrance to the museum attempted to create a beautiful environment in which the objects of value could be put on view. However, the new entrance attempts to bring the inside to the outside and plays with the idea of not separating the two.

There are many distinguishing features between old and modern architecture. Classical buildings, it seems, are built for longevity, as most have withstood the ages. Ancient builders used stone, mud-brick, and, eventually, wood and concrete in their buildings. Now, architectures are incorporating style and function into modern designs. Although they are not built to withstand the ages, some are works of admiration and intricate details.

40A The production of steel, iron, concrete and aluminum has greatly extended the scale of designs that can be successfully built. 40B Today, lightweight materials allow designers to cover distances far beyond, without the use of any arches. In this day and age, functionality is important when designing a building as rooms are planned to maximize the use of space. However, in ancient times, space was not a problem. 40C Aesthetics were much more important than function. Modern and classical architecture refer to specific movements in their respective times. Both, however, share an attitude of perfectionism. 40D

PASSAGE 4 – Questions 31-40

ROMAN AND MODERN ARCHITECTURE

The Roman advanced unique principles of architecture in many ways, constructing buildings and monuments involving both engineering and architectural skill. The arch was applied to various works of utility, making it a universal feature in civil buildings. Examples of this include the Pantheon, and the Temple of Peace, both of which extended the principles of the arch to their logical limits. Both these edifices indicated the progress of the Romans toward the invention of a design that was distinctively their own.

The first Roman architects were priests because the religious leaders wanted a place to worship. Romans learned most of their architectural techniques from the Greeks and the Etruscans. Arches were used for their great support capabilities and their power to glorify. The idea of extending the arch led to the development of the dome. Cement was added to the arch construction, allowing the Romans to expand buildings. The Coliseum, for example, was built using the arch system and concrete. The other primary use of the arch was to build aqueducts, which carried water from the hills to big tanks in the cities. They held pipes lined with cement on the top of the arches which carried the water.

Arches were also built in homage to the achievements of emperors. Rome contains arches for Constantine, Titus, and many more, and all were decorated with sculptured pictures. Roman architecture was about creating a beautiful structure. It attempted to serve a function and be beautiful. For example, the Notre Dame and the Pantheon were both clearly designed to create beauty. Roman architecture emphasized symmetry and weight, which involved the use of load-bearing masonry. Detail was of immense importance, and perfection came from a meticulous and firm use of symmetrical geometries, as well as the precise implementation of proportion.

Modern buildings, since the 19th century, started to use a functional approach to design. Iron, steel, and glass enabled architects to enclose vast spaces of department stores, or market halls. Modern architecture was being inspired by abstract paintings and sculptures, and architects began to consider space and light in their designs.

Modern architecture emphasized dynamic composition, movement, and thinness by using materials such as iron and glass. Buildings were constructed using frame and cladding techniques, where a steel frame was erected and glass panes were inserted to complete the building. All loads were transferred down using the frame of the buildings. Although load-bearing materials such as brick appear to be used, virtually all of them are made of concrete and steel, with a thin layer of brick applied to the exterior to hide the true nature of the structure underneath.

The Louvre in Paris is an example of a building that has been modernized architecturally. The original style of museum has been updated to include glass and steel. Originally, the entrance to the museum attempted to create a beautiful environment in which the objects of value could be put on view. However, the new entrance attempts to bring the inside to the outside and plays with the idea of not separating the two.

There are many distinguishing features between old and modern architecture. Classical buildings, it seems, are built for longevity, as most have withstood the ages. Ancient builders used stone, mud-brick, and, eventually, wood and concrete in their buildings. Now, architectures are incorporating style and function into modern designs. Although they are not built to withstand the ages, some are works of admiration and intricate details.

40A The production of steel, iron, concrete and aluminum has greatly extended the scale of designs that can be successfully built. 40B Today, lightweight materials allow designers to cover distances far beyond, without the use of any arches. In this day and age, functionality is important when designing a building as rooms are planned to maximize the use of space. However, in ancient times, space was not a problem. 40C Aesthetics were much more important than function. Modern and classical architecture refer to specific movements in their respective times. Both, however, share an attitude of perfectionism. 40D

PASSAGE 4 – Questions 31-40

ROMAN AND MODERN ARCHITECTURE

The Roman advanced unique principles of architecture in many ways, constructing buildings and monuments involving both engineering and architectural skill. The arch was applied to various works of utility, making it a universal feature in civil buildings. Examples of this include the Pantheon, and the Temple of Peace, both of which extended the principles of the arch to their logical limits. Both these edifices indicated the progress of the Romans toward the invention of a design that was distinctively their own.

The first Roman architects were priests because the religious leaders wanted a place to worship. Romans learned most of their architectural techniques from the Greeks and the Etruscans. Arches were used for their great support capabilities and their power to glorify. The idea of extending the arch led to the development of the dome. Cement was added to the arch construction, allowing the Romans to expand buildings. The Coliseum, for example, was built using the arch system and concrete. The other primary use of the arch was to build aqueducts, which carried water from the hills to big tanks in the cities. They held pipes lined with cement on the top of the arches which carried the water.

Arches were also built in homage to the achievements of emperors. Rome contains arches for Constantine, Titus, and many more, and all were decorated with sculptured pictures. Roman architecture was about creating a beautiful structure. It attempted to serve a function and be beautiful. For example, the Notre Dame and the Pantheon were both clearly designed to create beauty. Roman architecture emphasized symmetry and weight, which involved the use of load-bearing masonry. Detail was of immense importance, and perfection came from a meticulous and firm use of symmetrical geometries, as well as the precise implementation of proportion.

Modern buildings, since the 19th century, started to use a functional approach to design. Iron, steel, and glass enabled architects to enclose vast spaces of department stores, or market halls. Modern architecture was being inspired by abstract paintings and sculptures, and architects began to consider space and light in their designs.

Modern architecture emphasized dynamic composition, movement, and thinness by using materials such as iron and glass. Buildings were constructed using frame and cladding techniques, where a steel frame was erected and glass panes were inserted to complete the building. All loads were transferred down using the frame of the buildings. Although load-bearing materials such as brick appear to be used, virtually all of them are made of concrete and steel, with a thin layer of brick applied to the exterior to hide the true nature of the structure underneath.

The Louvre in Paris is an example of a building that has been modernized architecturally. The original style of museum has been updated to include glass and steel. Originally, the entrance to the museum attempted to create a beautiful environment in which the objects of value could be put on view. However, the new entrance attempts to bring the inside to the outside and plays with the idea of not separating the two.

There are many distinguishing features between old and modern architecture. Classical buildings, it seems, are built for longevity, as most have withstood the ages. Ancient builders used stone, mud-brick, and, eventually, wood and concrete in their buildings. Now, architectures are incorporating style and function into modern designs. Although they are not built to withstand the ages, some are works of admiration and intricate details.

40A The production of steel, iron, concrete and aluminum has greatly extended the scale of designs that can be successfully built. 40B Today, lightweight materials allow designers to cover distances far beyond, without the use of any arches. In this day and age, functionality is important when designing a building as rooms are planned to maximize the use of space. However, in ancient times, space was not a problem. 40C Aesthetics were much more important than function. Modern and classical architecture refer to specific movements in their respective times. Both, however, share an attitude of perfectionism. 40D